{"id":157360,"date":"2026-03-20T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-20T02:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/157360\/congo-basin-forests-underfunded-part1"},"modified":"2026-04-01T05:57:02","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T22:57:02","slug":"congo-basin-forests-underfunded-part1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/pt-br\/157360\/congo-basin-forests-underfunded-part1","title":{"rendered":"Florestas vitais, financiamento escasso: por que a Bacia do Congo fica para tr\u00e1s\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Este \u00e9 o primeiro de uma s\u00e9rie de dois artigos de opini\u00e3o que examinam por que a bacia do Congo recebe muito menos financiamento florestal do que outras regi\u00f5es tropicais.  <\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A bacia do Congo absorve seis vezes mais di\u00f3xido de carbono do que a Amaz\u00f4nia. <\/a>Ainda assim, recebe apenas uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o dos recursos globais destinados \u00e0 melhoria da gest\u00e3o florestal e \u00e0 conserva\u00e7\u00e3o. Ap\u00f3s duas d\u00e9cadas atuando em pol\u00edticas de florestas tropicais, passamos a ver esse desequil\u00edbrio como uma das falhas de mercado mais graves nas finan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas globais \u2014 e ele est\u00e1 se agravando, mesmo com o aumento dos compromissos financeiros.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entre 2008 e 2017, o financiamento internacional para florestas tropicais foi distribu\u00eddo aproximadamente da seguinte forma: Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico 55 %, Amaz\u00f4nia 34 % e bacia do Congo 11 %. Esse padr\u00e3o n\u00e3o mudou realmente durante a \u00faltima d\u00e9cada. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Somente a Noruega canalizou US$ 1,2 bilh\u00e3o para o Brasil por meio do Fundo Amaz\u00f4nia desde 2008. Em 2010, o pa\u00eds assinou um acordo REDD+<\/a> semelhante, de US$ 1 bilh\u00e3o, com a Indon\u00e9sia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Iniciativa Florestal da \u00c1frica Central (CAFI), que re\u00fane seis pa\u00edses da bacia do Congo, mobilizou US$ 680 milh\u00f5es em compromissos totais por meio de duas cartas de inten\u00e7\u00e3o com a Rep\u00fablica Democr\u00e1tica do Congo (RDC) \u2014 US$ 200 milh\u00f5es em 2016 e US$ 500 milh\u00f5es em 2021<\/a> \u2014, al\u00e9m de parcerias adicionais com Gab\u00e3o, Rep\u00fablica do Congo, Camar\u00f5es e Guin\u00e9 Equatorial. No entanto, os desembolsos t\u00eam sido lentos. At\u00e9 o final de 2020, apenas US$ 202 milh\u00f5es haviam sido transferidos. Embora os desembolsos tenham acelerado em 2024 (atingindo 122 milh\u00f5es<\/a> naquele ano), a lacuna entre os compromissos e recursos efetivamente entregues permanece significativa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Leia tamb\u00e9m:<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\u00c9 momento da lideran\u00e7a do Sul Global e do TFFF para impulsionar o financiamento inclusivo da natureza\u00a0<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Para colocar em perspectiva, tanto em termos monet\u00e1rios quanto por hectare: os compromissos totais da CAFI com a RDC desde sua cria\u00e7\u00e3o em 2015 \u2014 cerca de US$ 700 milh\u00f5es \u2014 equivalem aproximadamente a dois ter\u00e7os do que a Noruega, sozinha, prometeu a um \u00fanico pa\u00eds amaz\u00f4nico desde 2008. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Amaz\u00f4nia atrai aproximadamente US$ 1,14 d\u00f3lares por hectare por ano em financiamento florestal tropical. O Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico recebe entre 1,50 e 2,10 d\u00f3lares. Os pa\u00edses da bacia do Congo recebem entre 0,21 e 0,50 d\u00f3lares. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uma conserva\u00e7\u00e3o significativa apenas na RDC exigiria entre 10 e 15 d\u00f3lares por hectare por ano. Para os 143 milh\u00f5es de hectares de floresta do pa\u00eds, isso representa mais de US$ 500 milh\u00f5es anuais.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vista a\u00e9rea da floresta em Yangambi, RDC. Foto de Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

O Center for Global Development<\/a> estimou o valor anual do servi\u00e7o de remo\u00e7\u00e3o de carbono da bacia do Congo em 55 bilh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares. Enquanto isso, a ajuda ao desenvolvimento florestal na \u00c1frica gira em torno de apenas 170 milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares por ano. Essa rela\u00e7\u00e3o de aproximadamente 150 para 1 entre o valor do servi\u00e7o e a compensa\u00e7\u00e3o representa talvez a falha de mercado mais evidente da pol\u00edtica clim\u00e1tica global. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por que esse desequil\u00edbrio?<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A explica\u00e7\u00e3o imediata mais frequentemente citada para essa lacuna de financiamento \u00e9 a governan\u00e7a. Os pa\u00edses da bacia do Congo apresentam pontua\u00e7\u00f5es baixas em indicadores como controle da corrup\u00e7\u00e3o, transpar\u00eancia, Estado de direito e facilidade para fazer neg\u00f3cios \u2014 o que torna investidores p\u00fablicos e privados mais cautelosos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mas a governan\u00e7a explica apenas parte da hist\u00f3ria. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indon\u00e9sia e Brasil apresentam pontua\u00e7\u00f5es semelhantes \u00e0s dos pa\u00edses da bacia do Congo no \u00cdndice de Percep\u00e7\u00e3o da Corrup\u00e7\u00e3o da Transpar\u00eancia Internacional<\/a> \u2014 todos abaixo do ponto m\u00e9dio de 50, que mais de dois ter\u00e7os dos pa\u00edses do mundo compartilham. Ainda assim, Indon\u00e9sia e Brasil recebem muito mais financiamento florestal do que a bacia do Congo. As pontua\u00e7\u00f5es de governan\u00e7a, por si s\u00f3, n\u00e3o explicam essa diferen\u00e7a. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ent\u00e3o, o que mais est\u00e1 em jogo?   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O efeito das cadeias globais de suprimento <\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Um fator pouco considerado reside nos mercados globais de commodities. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para o bem ou para o mal, produtos como o \u00f3leo de palma, a borracha, a soja, a carne bovina e a madeira conectam diretamente as florestas do Brasil e do Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico aos balan\u00e7os das corpora\u00e7\u00f5es multinacionais, seus bancos e investidores. Essas din\u00e2micas de cadeia de suprimento criam atores corporativos interessados na conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e geram press\u00e3o reputacional para reduzir o desmatamento. Ativam amplas depend\u00eancias e conex\u00f5es globais que ainda n\u00e3o existem nos pa\u00edses da bacia do Congo. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Processamento de caf\u00e9 na instala\u00e7\u00e3o do programa de caf\u00e9 em Yangambi, prov\u00edncia de Tshopo, RDC. Foto de Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Processamento de caf\u00e9 na instala\u00e7\u00e3o do programa de caf\u00e9 em Yangambi, prov\u00edncia de Tshopo, RDC. Foto de Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Viveiro de dendezeiros em Yangambi, prov\u00edncia de Tshopo, RDC. Foto de Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Por exemplo, quando a Wilmar International adotou uma pol\u00edtica de desmatamento zero em 2013, desencadeou uma onda de compromissos corporativos em toda a ind\u00fastria do \u00f3leo de palma. Em uma d\u00e9cada, a Indon\u00e9sia reduziu o desmatamento associado ao \u00f3leo de palma para cerca de 18%<\/a> dos seus n\u00edveis m\u00e1ximos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O coletivo Rimba<\/a>, apoiado por Nestl\u00e9, PepsiCo, Procter & Gamble e Wilmar, agora busca mobilizar 1 bilh\u00e3o de d\u00f3lares em investimentos para conserva\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em compara\u00e7\u00e3o, os pa\u00edses da bacia do Congo t\u00eam muitas poucas empresas com esse tipo de depend\u00eancia, conex\u00f5es e press\u00e3o reputacional. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O desmatamento na regi\u00e3o \u00e9 impulsionado sobretudo pela agricultura de subsist\u00eancia e atividades associadas \u2014 como a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de carv\u00e3o vegetal e a extra\u00e7\u00e3o de madeira \u2014 o que limita a press\u00e3o de cadeias de suprimento internacionais. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Constru\u00e7\u00e3o de forno melhorado utilizando \u00e1rvores de uma planta\u00e7\u00e3o de ac\u00e1cia em Yanonge, prov\u00edncia de Tshopo, RDC. Foto de Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de carv\u00e3o vegetal sustent\u00e1vel a partir de forno melhorado, utilizando \u00e1rvores de uma planta\u00e7\u00e3o de ac\u00e1cia em Yanonge, prov\u00edncia de Tshopo, RDC. Foto de Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

A falha de desenho do REDD+<\/strong> <\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Outro problema estrutural est\u00e1 no pr\u00f3prio desenho do REDD+. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O marco do REDD+ foi projetado para recompensar a redu\u00e7\u00e3o do desmatamento, em vez da manuten\u00e7\u00e3o das florestas em p\u00e9. Isso criou um incentivo perverso: os pa\u00edses que j\u00e1 haviam destru\u00eddo grandes \u00e1reas florestais e depois reduziram essa destrui\u00e7\u00e3o (Brasil, Indon\u00e9sia) receberam pagamentos, enquanto os pa\u00edses que mantiveram suas florestas intactas (Gab\u00e3o, Rep\u00fablica do Congo) ficaram \u00e0 margem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A l\u00f3gica de \u201cquem mais desmatou, mais recebe\u201d desviou recursos justamente dos pa\u00edses que conservaram melhor suas florestas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O novo Fundo Florestas Tropicais para Sempre (TFFF, na sigla em ingl\u00eas)<\/a> parece ter sido projetado para corrigir essa falha, mas ainda n\u00e3o est\u00e1 plenamente operacional nem financiado. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Leia tamb\u00e9m:<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Esp\u00e9cies arb\u00f3reas nativas precisam de apoio para ampliar sua ado\u00e7\u00e3o em iniciativas de plantio, apontam cientistas<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

A lacuna de monitoramento<\/strong> <\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sem sistemas de monitoramento, relato e verifica\u00e7\u00e3o (MRV), os pa\u00edses n\u00e3o podem demonstrar redu\u00e7\u00f5es de emiss\u00f5es e, portanto, n\u00e3o conseguem acessar pagamentos baseados em resultados, independentemente de quanto carbono suas florestas realmente absorvam. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O Brasil opera monitoramento satelital do desmatamento desde 1988 por meio de seu Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), com cerca de 2.000 funcion\u00e1rios. A Indon\u00e9sia desenvolveu um sistema nacional de MRV que comprovou 577 milh\u00f5es de toneladas de redu\u00e7\u00f5es verificadas de emiss\u00f5es. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Papua-Nova Guin\u00e9<\/a> investiu uma d\u00e9cada na constru\u00e7\u00e3o de um Invent\u00e1rio Florestal Nacional que possibilitou seu primeiro pagamento REDD+ baseado em resultados, de 63,4 milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares, do Fundo Verde para o Clima em 2025<\/a>. Papua-Nova Guin\u00e9 tem uma pontua\u00e7\u00e3o semelhante \u00e0 de v\u00e1rios pa\u00edses da bacia do Congo no \u00cdndice de Percep\u00e7\u00e3o da Corrup\u00e7\u00e3o e, ainda assim, conseguiu acessar financiamento clim\u00e1tico baseado em resultados. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A li\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 clara: infraestrutura cient\u00edfica e dados s\u00f3lidos, transparentes e verific\u00e1veis n\u00e3o s\u00e3o um luxo, mas um pr\u00e9-requisito para acessar financiamento clim\u00e1tico. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Com a poss\u00edvel exce\u00e7\u00e3o do Gab\u00e3o, os pa\u00edses da bacia do Congo carecem de sistemas nacionais de monitoramento nessa escala. O que a regi\u00e3o tem \u00e9 um importante apoio internacional \u00e0 pesquisa, que cresce a cada dia com m\u00faltiplas iniciativas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Parcela de afrormosia e observa\u00e7\u00e3o fenol\u00f3gica por t\u00e9cnicos do INERA em Yangambi, RDC. Foto de Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Por mais de duas d\u00e9cadas, por exemplo, a Comiss\u00e3o Europeia tem apoiado a cria\u00e7\u00e3o, atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o e melhoria do Observat\u00f3rio das Florestas da \u00c1frica Central (OFAC)<\/a>, coordenado pelo Centro para a Pesquisa Florestal Internacional e Centro Internacional de Pesquisa Agroflorestal (CIFOR-ICRAF) e agora uma unidade especializada da Comiss\u00e3o das Florestas da \u00c1frica Central (COMIFAC<\/a>). Esse organismo regional tornou-se a principal infraestrutura de conhecimento da regi\u00e3o. A publica\u00e7\u00e3o emblem\u00e1tica do OFAC, O estado das florestas da bacia do Congo<\/em><\/a>, foi produzida sete vezes desde 2005. A edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2021 mobilizou 152 autores em 13 cap\u00edtulos e continua sendo a refer\u00eancia mais completa para quem trabalha nas florestas da \u00c1frica Central. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ainda assim, iniciativas como o OFAC n\u00e3o substituem o essencial: sistemas nacionais de monitoramento que os pr\u00f3prios governos possam operar, manter e expandir de forma independente. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

> Aguarde a segunda parte deste artigo em breve, que examina os desafios institucionais mais profundos enfrentados pela bacia do Congo e o que ser\u00e1 necess\u00e1rio para garantir seu futuro.<\/em><\/em><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Este \u00e9 o primeiro de uma s\u00e9rie de dois artigos de opini\u00e3o que examinam por que a bacia do Congo recebe muito menos financiamento florestal do que outras regi\u00f5es tropicais.   A bacia do Congo absorve seis vezes mais di\u00f3xido de carbono do que a Amaz\u00f4nia. Ainda assim, recebe apenas uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o dos recursos globais destinados \u00e0 melhoria da gest\u00e3o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":85,"featured_media":156940,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12080,12141,12053],"tags":[12757,12758,12759,12760,12761,12762],"language":[2172],"location":[12248,12763],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[12379,2424,8171],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[851,1561],"class_list":["post-157360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-desmatamento","category-forests-news-pt-br","category-manejo-e-restauracao-florestal","tag-climate-finance","tag-congo-basin","tag-conservation-funding","tag-deforestation","tag-forest-governance","tag-redd","language-portuguese","location-africa","location-congo-basin","type-english-analysis","type-english-analysis-opinion","type-english-opinions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhy Congo Basin forests remain underfunded<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Congo Basin absorbs vast carbon but receives little funding. 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