{"id":94167,"date":"2025-10-13T17:17:54","date_gmt":"2025-10-13T10:17:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/SBY-31.jpg"},"modified":"2025-11-05T10:30:10","modified_gmt":"2025-11-05T03:30:10","slug":"perburuan-burung-budaya-dan-konservasi-png-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/94167\/perburuan-burung-budaya-dan-konservasi-png-2","title":{"rendered":"Panen bulu di Papua Nugini: Kegiatan budaya atau konservasi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bulu burung Papua Nugini (PNG) yang berwarna-warni memberikan daya tarik abadi \u2014 baik bagi sesama burung, manusia, maupun kolektor. Bulu sudah lama menjadi simbol daya tarik dan prestise, yang menjadi inti teori seleksi seksual Darwin maupun identitas budaya masyarakat adat yang telah menggunakannya dalam pakaian upacara selama puluhan ribu tahun. Bulu juga memikat para pedagang dan penjajah awal: permintaan global akan “burung eksotis” pernah turut mendorong gelombang kolonisasi di Nugini.<\/p>\n

Sepanjang sejarah \u2014 dan di seluruh dunia manusia dan nonmanusia \u2014 ada keinginan yang konsisten untuk mendapatkan bulu-bulu langka dan indah ini untuk meningkatkan daya tarik.<\/p>\n

Dari burung bowerbird jantan yang menghiasi sarangnya dengan bulu burung cenderawasih panji (Pteridophora alberti<\/em>) \u2013 spesies yang nama ilmiahnya diberikan untuk menghormati seorang raja Eropa, Albert I dari Sachsen, yang membiayai ekspedisi-ekspedisi kolonial \u2013 hingga penduduk London era Victoria yang sadar mode yang mengenakan bulu serupa yang diimpor dari Nugini dengan harga mahal, daya tarik keindahan burung telah lama melampaui spesies dan masyarakat.<\/p>\n

Kemegahan burung-burung ini, dengan demikian, tampak menjadi tuah sekaligus tulah. Keindahannya telah mendorong perburuan dan eksploitasi berlebihan dalam beberapa kasus, sementara di kasus lain mendorong dukungan konservasi kritis dan ekowisata. Industri pengamatan burung di Papua Nugini (PNG), misalnya, bersifat menguntungkan dan berdampak relatif rendah. Meski perdagangan internasional bulu burung asli kini telah dilarang, bulu-bulu tersebut masih dipanen secara lokal \u2014 terutama untuk hiasan kepala dan pakaian upacara lainnya. Praktik ini berkontribusi terhadap penurunan populasi banyak burung endemik di negara ini, yang menimbulkan pertanyaan kritis tentang interaksi antara konservasi budaya dan biologis.

\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tBaca juga<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\tSaat yam ambil bagian dalam pernikahan: Upacara mahar di Dataran Tinggi Managalas<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n

Sebuah studi yang dipimpin oleh Grace Nugi<\/a>, seorang ahli biologi konservasi lokal dan mantan ratu kecantikan, yang tumbuh besar dengan mengenakan hiasan kepala besar di acara-acara budaya, menemukan bahwa di Distrik Kerowagi di dataran tinggi yang berhutan lebat di PNG, terdapat lebih banyak burung nuri kabare (Psittrichas fulgidus<\/em>) yang diawetkan untuk hiasan kepala daripada yang hidup di alam liar. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa budaya panen bulu yang berlangsung terus-menerus dapat melampaui populasi burung yang tersisa \u2014 terutama karena populasi penduduk wilayah tersebut terus bertambah, di samping meningkatnya permintaan akan hiasan tradisional dari penduduk perkotaan.

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Burung jantan cendrawasih Raggiana (Paradisaea raggiana) menampilkan bulu berwarna cerahnya saat ritual kawin di hutan Papua Nugini. Spesies ikonik ini menjadi bagian penting dalam tradisi budaya serta pembahasan tentang pemanfaatan bulu di Papua Nugini.\nFoto oleh JJ Harrison \/ Wikimedia, Creative Commons<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n

Di Dataran Tinggi Managalas di Provinsi Oro, yang baru-baru ini ditetapkan sebagai sebuah kawasan konservasi, Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF)<\/a> beserta para mitra mendukung organisasi-organisasi lokal untuk membuat dan menerapkan rencana pengelolaan yang bisa menyeimbangkan antara konservasi, penggunaan adat, dan mata pencaharian berkelanjutan. Will Unsworth, manajer program CIFOR-ICRAF di PNG, mengatakan bahwa pemanenan bulu burung perlu menjadi bagian dari diskusi tersebut.<\/p>\n

Di Managalas, sebagian besar bulu yang digunakan untuk pakaian adat berasal dari cenderawasih raggiana (Paradisea raggiana<\/em>), kasuari kerdil (Casuarius bennetti<\/em>), perkici Papua (Charmosyna papou<\/em>), nuri bayan Papua (Eclectus polychloros<\/em>), kaukalame cokelat (Epimachus meyeri<\/em>), kakatua raja (Probosciger atterimus<\/em>), kakatua jambul kuning (Cacatua galerita<\/em>), dan rangkong Papua (Rhyticeros plicatus<\/em>). Paruh melengkungnya yang besar juga digunakan dalam perhiasan dan hiasan kepala. Banyak dari spesies ini secara resmi dilindungi, yang berarti penjualan dan ekspor komersial dilarang. Namun, pemilik tanah setempat masih diperbolehkan berburu<\/a> dan memperdagangkan burung di tanah mereka untuk tujuan adat.

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Seekor burung jantan cendrawasih Raggiana (Paradisaea raggiana) menampilkan bulu cerahnya di hutan Papua Nugini. Spesies ikonik ini menjadi bagian penting dari identitas budaya serta pembahasan tentang pemanfaatan bulu di Papua Nugini.\nFoto oleh JJ Harrison \/ Wikimedia, Creative Commons <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Seekor rangkong Papua (Rhyticeros plicatus) bertengger di kanopi hutan Papua Nugini. Paruh dan bulunya yang mencolok sering digunakan dalam perhiasan dan busana tradisional, menjadikannya spesies penting dalam pembahasan tentang pemanfaatan bulu di Papua Nugini.\nFoto oleh Nigel Voaden \/ inaturalist.org <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n

Zona 4 Dataran Tinggi Managalas \u2014 terpencil dan minim akses jalan atau minim alternatif mata pencaharian \u2014 tampaknya menjadi rumah bagi burung cenderawasih raggiana dalam jumlah terbesar, dan perdagangan di sana sangat signifikan. “Untuk menangkap burung-burung tersebut, warga masyarakat biasanya memasang umpan di pohon tempat burung-burung itu datang untuk pamer, dan ketika burung jantan masuk ke dalam lingkaran, mereka menarik tali untuk menjerat kakinya,” jelas Mellie Musonera, konsultan lingkungan yang berbasis di Port Moresby dan terlibat dalam proyek tersebut. “Mereka menjual kulit burung itu di [kota terdekat] Popondetta dengan harga sekitar 20 kina \u2013 sekitar 5 dolar AS \u2013 per buah.”<\/p>\n

Menilai apakah kegiatan panen tersebut bersifat berkelanjutan, seperti yang telah dicoba oleh tim Nugi di tempat lain, akan membutuhkan data yang jauh lebih banyak. Untuk mengisi kesenjangan ini, CIFOR-ICRAF dan Managalas Conservation Foundation<\/a> meluncurkan program baru survei dan pemantauan keanekaragaman hayati yang menggabungkan teknik-teknik seperti pengambilan foto dengan kamera jebak, pemantauan akustik pasif, pengambilan sampel DNA lingkungan (eDNA) di daerah aliran sungai, survei botani, dan dokumentasi Pengetahuan Ekologi Tradisional (TEK).

\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tBaca juga<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\tDari Burung Kicau hingga Kopi: Memajukan Perdagangan Berkelanjutan di Indonesia<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n

Di tempat lain di PNG, organisasi seperti Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)<\/a> dan Program Sustainable Wildlife Management (SWM)<\/a> mengambil langkah-langkah pragmatis dan berbiaya rendah untuk mengurangi perburuan tanpa merusak budaya. Pendekatan mereka sederhana: mengajarkan masyarakat cara menyimpan hiasan kepala dengan benar \u2013 dengan kapur barus dan kertas \u2013 agar semuanya bisa bertahan selama puluhan tahun. Beberapa komunitas juga bereksperimen dengan bulu ayam yang diwarnai atau bulu sintetis sebagai pengganti, meskipun hal ini memiliki tantangan tersendiri. Memperluas kegiatan wisata pengamatan burung dapat lebih membantu menjaga kelangsungan hidup burung-burung itu di hutan sekaligus menciptakan pilihan mata pencaharian baru.<\/p>\n

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Para pria mengenakan hiasan kepala tradisional dari bulu sambil menabuh genderang Kundu dalam sebuah festival budaya di Dataran Tinggi Managalas, menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan bulu di Papua Nugini masih erat kaitannya dengan warisan dan identitas budaya. Foto oleh Dean Arek \/ CIFOR-ICRAF\n<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n

Pada akhirnya, pertanyaan yang lebih besar tetap menggema: bagaimana kita bisa menghargai keindahan tanpa jatuh ke dalam kelemahan manusia yang terkenal, yaitu merusaknya? Praktik-praktik seperti mengamati burung (mengagumi tanpa memiliki) dan merawat hiasan kepala (mencintai apa yang sudah kita miliki) mungkin bisa membantu kita mengasah rasa cinta yang tidak terlalu merusak.<\/p>\n

\n

Untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai proyek ini, silakan hubungi William Unsworth (CIFOR-ICRAF): <\/em>w.unsworth@cifor-icraf.org<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Di balik budaya panen bulu yang berlangsung turun-temurun, mampukah masyarakat Managalas melestarikan tradisi seraya melindungi keanekaragaman 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