{"id":93092,"date":"2025-07-18T12:30:33","date_gmt":"2025-07-18T05:30:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/4881857720_7dec7b28c6.jpg"},"modified":"2025-09-04T16:11:04","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T09:11:04","slug":"semut-api-dan-gulma-air-mengelola-spesies-invasif-di-managalas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/93092\/semut-api-dan-gulma-air-mengelola-spesies-invasif-di-managalas","title":{"rendered":"Semut api dan gulma air: Mengelola spesies invasif di Managalas"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n
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\u201cSeiring perubahan iklim yang sedang terjadi, kita mungkin akan melihat lebih banyak lagi hal seperti itu, jadi kita perlu bersiap\u201d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Spesies invasif merupakan pemicu kepunahan terbesar kedua di planet kita.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Dampaknya sangat terasa, khususnya bagi dataran kecil seperti pulau-pulau di seluruh dunia. Banyak di antaranya telah memiliki keanekaragaman hayati endemik tingkat tinggi. Secara keseluruhan, pulau-pulau tersebut\u2014total areanya kurang dari lima persen luas daratan global\u2014merupakan rumah bagi lebih dari seperlima spesies tumbuhan dan vertebrata darat di dunia.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sayangnya, keunikan itu membuat ekosistem ini sangat rentan terhadap gangguan dari tanaman dan hewan invasif yang dapat mengganggu keseimbangan ekologi yang rapuh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cDi Kepulauan Pasifik tropis\u2026spesies invasif lebih dari sekadar penyebab utama hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati,\u201d tulis sekelompok peneliti dalam sebuah makalah studi<\/a> di jurnal NeoBiota<\/em>. \u201cTanaman dan hewan invasif bisa sepenuhnya mengubah ekosistem-ekosistem dan, akibatnya, memengaruhi layanan kultural dan ekosistem yang mereka sediakan.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ketika suku-suku di Dataran Tinggi Managalas, Provinsi Oro, Papua Nugini (PNG), sedang bergulat dengan cara mengelola Kawasan Konservasi Managalas (MCA) yang sangat luas, spesies invasif menimbulkan dilema serius yang akan memengaruhi seluruh spektrum keputusan penggunaan lahan. Mulai dari konservasi hingga pertanian subsisten hingga penciptaan mata pencaharian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tBaca juga<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\tSaat \u2018lapangan\u2019 adalah hutan: Kompleksnya pengumpulan data di Dataran Tinggi Managalas<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Tahun lalu, Joshua Ombo, seorang petugas proyek untuk MCA yang dipekerjakan oleh Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), melakukan survei awal terhadap spesies invasif di Managalas. Survei dilakukan untuk mencari tahu lebih lanjut mengenai tanaman dan hewan yang menimbulkan kekhawatiran masyarakat itu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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Membersihkan semak dari spesies invasif. Foto oleh Joshua Ombo \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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Tanaman Duri Api, Odontonema cuspidatum. Photo by Danumurthi Mahendra \/ CIFOR-ICRAF<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Banyak penduduk setempat yang diwawancarai Ombo menyebut-nyebut semak duri api Meksiko (Odontonema tubaeforme<\/em>). Tanaman itu punya gugusan bunga berbentuk tabung berwarna merah tua dan telah menarik perhatian para pekebun di seluruh dunia\u2014termasuk ibu Ombo<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cSaya pertama kali melihat tanaman ini ketika saya berusia sekitar delapan tahun,\u201d ucap Ombo, yang tumbuh besar di sebuah daerah pedesaan di Provinsi Madang. \u201cIbu saya menanamnya di luar rumah kami. Seharusnya tanaman ini semacam tanaman hias, tetapi ternyata justru sebaliknya.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Didorong oleh curah hujan yang tinggi dan tanah vulkanik yang subur, semak duri api itu dengan cepat menyelimuti area perkebunan kopi, vanili, dan kakao, serta kebun pangan. Tanaman invasif itu menurunkan hasil panen warga setempat dengan mengalahkan tanaman lain dalam perebutan cahaya, ruang, dan nutrisi. “Orang-orang mencoba membersihkannya, tetapi duri api itu kembali lagi,” ujar Ombo. “Membersihkannya secara manual tidak terlalu membantu.”<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Hama pertanian lainnya adalah semut api (nama ilmiah spesies yang ada di Managalas ini belum terkonfirmasi), yang sering menyerang perkebunan kopi dan kakao serta kebun sayur. Spesies ini menurunkan produktivitas tanaman perkebunan tersebut dengan memakan daun, pucuk, batang, dan buah.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Semut ini agresif dan memiliki sengatan yang sangat menyakitkan, seperti luka bakar, yang bisa menyebabkan anafilaksis pada beberapa orang.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sebuah survei terbaru menemukan bahwa semut-semut tersebut telah menguasai semua desa di sepanjang jalan dalam 3-5 tahun terakhir, mengganggu mata pencaharian penduduk setempat, dan berpotensi mengganggu beberapa ekosistem. Upaya lokal untuk mengendalikan populasi semut itu sebagian besar tidak berhasil. “Beberapa petani telah memutuskan untuk meninggalkan perkebunan mereka karena semut-semut ini,” kata Ombo. “Ini hama yang sangat serius dan kita perlu menemukan cara untuk mengatasinya\u2014mungkin melalui pengendalian hayati.”<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Lukut (Hydrilla verticillata<\/em>) adalah hama lain yang cantik tetapi berbahaya. Tanaman ini membentuk lapisan tebal yang dapat menyumbat saluran air, menurunkan kadar oksigen air, meningkatkan sedimentasi, menggusur tumbuhan dan hewan asli, serta merusak habitat. “Hal ini mengkhawatirkan beberapa desa karena mereka bisa melihat dampaknya terhadap kualitas air,” kata Ombo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Photo by Danumurthi Mahendra \/ CIFOR-ICRAF<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

“Di area yang lebih tinggi di Dataran Tinggi Managalas, ada banyak sungai berarus deras, jadi itu bukan masalah besar. Namun di daerah yang lebih rendah dengan aliran sungai yang lebih lambat, Anda bisa menemukan banyak sekali lukut,” ujarnya. “Hal ini mengkhawatirkan, karena penyebarannya sangat agresif di daerah rendah itu.” <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tBaca juga<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\tMembentuk Managalas: Konsensus konservasi di dataran tinggi Papua Nugini<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n
\"\"
Gulma air invasif (Pontederia crassipes). Foto oleh Joshua Ombo \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Spesies serupa, eceng gondok (Pontederia crassipes<\/em>)\u2014spesies invasif yang paling tersebar luas<\/a> di dunia\u2014juga telah ditemukan di beberapa lokasi di sekitar Dataran Tinggi Managalas. Di Desa Tahama, yang terletak di pertemuan anak sungai Taf dan Tagir serta Sungai Mavam, penduduk setempat sudah mulai mengambil tindakan dengan dukungan dari tim CIFOR-ICRAF, dan mereka telah memperoleh beberapa hasil awal yang mengesankan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

“Masyarakat Tahama menggunakan anak-anak sungai itu untuk minum dan memasak, dan aliran airnya untuk mencuci,” kata Ombo. “Namun, eceng gondok baru-baru ini telah menyebar dari hilir sungai hingga ke hulu.”<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Oleh karena itu, penduduk desa mulai melakukan pembersihan sungai secara berkala, di samping penanaman di tepi sungai untuk meningkatkan kualitas air dan menstabilkan bantaran sungai. “Masyarakat berkomitmen untuk melakukan pembersihan sungai ini setiap dua atau tiga bulan,” ujarnya. “Mereka adalah desa yang sangat terorganisir, dan tampaknya berjalan cukup baik.”<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Untungnya, hutan tua di Dataran Tinggi Managalas tampaknya lebih kebal terhadap serangan spesies invasif dibandingkan area pertanian dan hutan sekundernya yang sedang tumbuh kembali. Namun, gangguan apa pun\u2014baik alami maupun antropogenik\u2014tetap meningkatkan kerentanannya. Reckson Kayaki, pemimpin sebuah organisasi berbasis masyarakat lokal di wilayah dataran tinggi ini, menjelaskan pengamatannya atas dampak Siklon Guba pada 2007, yang menghantam Provinsi Oro dengan sangat keras.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n
\"\"
Membersihkan semak dari spesies invasif. Foto oleh Joshua Ombo \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\"\"
Warga Desa Tahama sedang membersihkan spesies invasif di sekitar aliran sungai setempat. Foto oleh Joshua Ombo \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\"\"
Penanaman kembali tumbuhan asli di sekitar Desa Tahama. Foto oleh Joshua Ombo \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

“Banyak pohon tumbang, dan setelah itu kami melihat banyak gulma tumbuh dan mematikan tanaman asli,” ujarnya. “Seiring perubahan iklim yang sedang terjadi, kita mungkin akan melihat lebih banyak lagi hal seperti itu, jadi kita perlu bersiap.”<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai proyek ini, silakan hubungi William Unsworth (CIFOR-ICRAF): <\/em>w.unsworth@cifor-icraf.org<\/em><\/a><\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cSeiring perubahan iklim yang sedang terjadi, kita mungkin akan melihat lebih banyak lagi hal seperti itu, jadi kita perlu bersiap\u201d Spesies invasif merupakan pemicu kepunahan terbesar kedua di planet kita. Dampaknya sangat terasa, khususnya bagi dataran kecil seperti pulau-pulau di seluruh dunia. Banyak di antaranya telah memiliki keanekaragaman hayati endemik tingkat tinggi. Secara keseluruhan, pulau-pulau […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":264,"featured_media":93096,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12038,12057,12105,12065,12001],"tags":[8846,11931,4974],"language":[2171],"location":[12340],"tag-bahasa":[12047,11958,11959],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3095],"type-english":[2428],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[7144],"class_list":["post-93092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agroforestri","category-bentang-alam","category-hutan-masyarakat","category-makanan-diet","category-uncategorized-id","tag-invasive-species","tag-managalas","tag-papua-new-guinea","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-papua-new-guinea","tag-bahasa-invasif-spesies","tag-bahasa-managalas","tag-bahasa-papua-new-guinea","type-bahasa-foto-esai","type-english-photo-essay"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSemut api dan gulma air: Mengelola spesies invasif di Managalas - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/93092\/semut-api-dan-gulma-air-mengelola-spesies-invasif-di-managalas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Semut api dan gulma air: Mengelola spesies invasif di Managalas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cSeiring perubahan iklim yang sedang terjadi, kita mungkin akan melihat lebih banyak lagi hal seperti itu, jadi kita perlu bersiap\u201d Spesies invasif merupakan pemicu kepunahan terbesar kedua di planet kita. 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