{"id":83942,"date":"2023-08-22T14:24:42","date_gmt":"2023-08-22T07:24:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=83942"},"modified":"2025-08-04T07:49:22","modified_gmt":"2025-08-04T00:49:22","slug":"indonesia-harus-menghadapi-peningkatan-risiko-kekeringan-dan-kebakaran-yang-dipicu-el-nino","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/83942\/indonesia-harus-menghadapi-peningkatan-risiko-kekeringan-dan-kebakaran-yang-dipicu-el-nino","title":{"rendered":"Indonesia Harus Menghadapi Peningkatan Risiko Kekeringan dan Kebakaran yang Dipicu El Ni\u00f1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

Apakah Anda menyadari bahwa akhir-akhir ini orang lebih sering berbicara tentang cuaca? Sepertinya, semakin banyak orang yang merasakan suhu panas di atas biasanya di Indonesia dan sebagian besar wilayah Asia Tenggara, yang disebabkan pergeseran pola iklim di seluruh Pasifik dari La Ni\u00f1a ke El Ni\u00f1o.<\/p>\n

Ditandai oleh kejadian cuaca ekstrem, fenomena alam La Ni\u00f1a dan El Ni\u00f1o dipicu oleh anomali suhu permukaan laut di Samudera Pasifik tropis timur-tengah. Penyimpangan 0,5 derajat Celcius atau lebih di atas suhu rata-rata di wilayah indeks (dikenal sebagai El Ni\u00f1o 3,4) menyebabkan udara panas yang melanda Asia Tenggara saat ini. Jika anomali suhu permukaan laut meningkat menjadi 1 derajat Celcius, uap air di atas kepulauan Indonesia akan tertarik ke arah timur, menyebabkan cuaca menjadi kering dan panas.<\/p>\n

Opini dan kesadaran publik dapat menjadi semacam alarm yang memperingatkan kita untuk waspada. Dari sisi lingkungan, udara panas bisa jadi pertanda buruk: kekeringan dan kebakaran hutan mungkin sudah dekat. Pada awal Juli, lebih dari separuh wilayah Indonesia telah memasuki kondisi ‘musim kemarau’ \u2013 jauh lebih cepat dari biasanya \u2013 hal ini memicu kekhawatiran terulangnya bencana tahun 2015.<\/p>\n

Preseden berbahaya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pola El Ni\u00f1o 2015 menyebabkan kebakaran hutan yang menghanguskan sekitar 3 juta hektare hutan dan lahan gambut di pesisir timur Sumatra dan Kalimantan Tengah. Dipicu oleh anomali suhu lautan yang memecahkan rekor 3 derajat Celcius di wilayah indeks El Ni\u00f1o 3,4, bencana ini menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi langsung sekitar Rp 220 triliun (USD 14,7 miliar), dan mengeluarkan 11,3 teragram karbon dioksida per hari pada September dan Oktober 2015. Angka ini lebih tinggi dari gabungan emisi 28 negara Uni Eropa, yang berjumlah 8,9 teragram per hari selama periode yang sama. Kerugian finansial dan ekologis akibat emisi ini tak terhitung.<\/p>\n

Delapan tahun kemudian, kita harus semakin waspada akan El Ni\u00f1o tahun ini, karena catatan jangka panjang menunjukkan peristiwa ekstrem semacam ini terjadi secara berkala dengan interval sekitar satu dekade.<\/p>\n

Namun, belum jelas seberapa besar kemungkinan bencana ini bisa terjadi \u2013 hal ini terjadi karena kita kekurangan beberapa data penting mengenai pola iklim di area lain. Menurut pengamatan Biro Meteorologi Australia, anomali suhu di wilayah El Ni\u00f1o 3,4 mencapai 0,9 derajat Celcius pada awal Juni, dan diperkirakan mencapai 1,6 derajat Celcius pada Agustus, dan 2,0 derajat Celcius pada Oktober; Administrasi Kelautan dan Atmosfer Nasional AS (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA)<\/em> juga mengeluarkan prediksi serupa. Hal ini berarti musim kemarau akan berlangsung lebih lama dari biasanya.<\/p>\n

Namun, di sisi barat kepulauan Indonesia, juga terjadi proses serupa yang disebut Indian Ocean Dipole<\/em> (IOD), yang dikendalikan oleh suhu permukaan laut. Proses yang sering terlupakan ini bisa memunculkan dua kemungkinan. Jika Samudera Hindia bagian barat memanas seperti El Ni\u00f1o 3.4, ‘IOD positif’ ini akan menarik uap air dari Indonesia \u2013 tetapi ke arah barat \u2013 dan menyebabkan cuaca yang lebih kering setelah uap air ditarik ke arah timur oleh anomali di Samudera Pasifik. Sebaliknya, dengan IOD negatif, kepulauan Indonesia akan menerima tambahan uap air dari Samudera Hindia, sehingga mengurangi atau bahkan meniadakan El Ni\u00f1o. Sejauh ini, IOD positif tampaknya paling mungkin terjadi <\/a>\u2013 dengan implikasi cuaca yang mengkhawatirkan di Indonesia.<\/p>\n

Ketidakpastian ini menunjukkan bahwa mengandalkan prediksi El Ni\u00f1o saja tidak cukup \u2013 kita juga perlu meningkatkan dan mengintegrasikan pengetahuan kita mengenai fenomena IOD yang terjadi di ujung lain kepulauan Indonesia. Perpindahan uap air antara Australia dan Samudra Hindia juga harus diperhatikan.<\/p>\n

Menghadapi ancaman<\/strong><\/p>\n

Untuk memanfaatkan tumbuhnya kesadaran publik akan risiko dan implikasi dari pergeseran ke El Ni\u00f1o, lembaga-lembaga di Indonesia perlu merespons dengan kebijakan publik yang kuat dan jelas dari atas.<\/p>\n

Begitu pula dengan lembaga penelitian, seperti perguruan tinggi, yang merupakan pilar penting dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penentuan kebijakan publik. Jaringan dengan pusat pengetahuan internasional harus diperkuat untuk memfasilitasi pertukaran data dan informasi; sistem izin penelitian yang berlaku saat ini, dan peraturan untuk kerja sama, harus secara progresif diubah dengan insentif untuk kerja sama yang mengutamakan keadilan dan kesetaraan. Kita harus mengizinkan para peneliti dan ilmuwan kita menjadi pemimpin dalam menyelesaikan isu yang mendesak. Inisiatif ini juga memerlukan dukungan pendanaan yang cukup untuk menghasilkan penelitian berkualitas tinggi.<\/p>\n

Selama peristiwa El Ni\u00f1o, sebagian besar dana telah \u2013 dan akan kembali \u2013 dihabiskan untuk memadamkan api ketika terjadi kebakaran. Upaya pemerintah untuk penyediaan peralatan, sumber daya, dan koordinasi 11.000 petugas pemadam kebakaran sukarela patut dipuji.<\/p>\n

Namun, pencegahan kebakaran \u2013 yang bisa dibilang lebih penting \u2013 masih belum mendapatkan anggaran yang cukup. Kini, sudah saatnya untuk menggeser prioritas pendanaan ke peningkatan kapasitas ilmiah para peneliti Indonesia. Jika kita bisa dengan cepat dan mudah membeli atau menyewa helikopter, waterbomb<\/em>, dan peralatan canggih lainnya, lalu mengapa peneliti Indonesia harus menunggu pendanaan yang baru diberikan ketika mereka sudah diserahi tanggung jawab? Jika dampak El Ni\u00f1o ini ternyata tidak terlalu dahsyat dan merusak \u2013 seperti harapan kita \u2013 Indonesia tidak boleh menyia-nyiakan kesempatan untuk membantu masyarakat memahami masalah tersebut, dan harus mendukung para peneliti dengan sumber daya dan pendanaan yang cukup untuk menghasilkan yang terbaik di subjek penelitian yang sesuai dengan keahlian mereka.<\/p>\n

Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai topik ini, silakan hubungi Daniel Murdiyarso melalui email <\/strong>D.Murdiyarso@cifor-icraf.org.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Apakah Anda menyadari bahwa akhir-akhir ini orang lebih sering berbicara tentang cuaca? Sepertinya, semakin banyak orang yang merasakan suhu panas di atas biasanya di Indonesia dan sebagian besar wilayah Asia Tenggara, yang disebabkan pergeseran pola iklim di seluruh Pasifik dari La Ni\u00f1a ke El Ni\u00f1o. Ditandai oleh kejadian cuaca ekstrem, fenomena alam La Ni\u00f1a dan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":70,"featured_media":83944,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12057,12105],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[2537,8097,2526,11370],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[8518],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[677],"class_list":["post-83942","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bentang-alam","category-hutan-masyarakat","language-bahasa-indonesia","tag-bahasa-el-nino","tag-bahasa-kebakaran","tag-bahasa-kekeringan","tag-bahasa-kemarau","type-bahasa-opini"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIndonesia Harus Menghadapi Peningkatan Risiko Kekeringan dan Kebakaran yang Dipicu El Ni\u00f1o - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/83942\/indonesia-harus-menghadapi-peningkatan-risiko-kekeringan-dan-kebakaran-yang-dipicu-el-nino\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Indonesia Harus Menghadapi Peningkatan Risiko Kekeringan dan Kebakaran yang Dipicu El Ni\u00f1o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Apakah Anda menyadari bahwa akhir-akhir ini orang lebih sering berbicara tentang cuaca? Sepertinya, semakin banyak orang yang merasakan suhu panas di atas biasanya di Indonesia dan sebagian besar wilayah Asia Tenggara, yang disebabkan pergeseran pola iklim di seluruh Pasifik dari La Ni\u00f1a ke El Ni\u00f1o. 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