{"id":81329,"date":"2023-02-13T13:40:10","date_gmt":"2023-02-13T06:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=81329"},"modified":"2023-02-14T13:49:21","modified_gmt":"2023-02-14T06:49:21","slug":"permintaan-kayu-memperberat-tekanan-pada-hutan-di-afrika-tengah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/81329\/permintaan-kayu-memperberat-tekanan-pada-hutan-di-afrika-tengah","title":{"rendered":"Permintaan Kayu Memperberat Tekanan pada Hutan di Afrika Tengah"},"content":{"rendered":"

Permintaan kayu global yang semakin meningkat, terutama ekspor ke China dan negara-negara Asia lainnya, membuka kemungkinan besar ada peningkatan tekanan terhadap hutan hujan tropis di Afrika Tengah. Sebab, di kawasan tersebut terbentang sekitar 200 juta hektar hutan alam yang masih lebat; lebih dari setengahnya belum dikenali (unclassified<\/em>). Hal ini terungkap dalam laporan para ahli yang terbaru.<\/p>\n

Dalam 10 tahun terakhir, nilai ekspor kayu ke Eropa dari Afrika Tengah telah berkurang jauh dari 1,4 miliar dollar AS menjadi 600 juta dollar AS, seperti tertulis pada laporan berjudul Congo Basin Forests \u2013 State of the Forests 2021<\/a> yang diterbitkan oleh Central Africa Forest Observatory<\/a> (OFAC). Sebesar 4,2 juta ton kayu dari Afrika Tengah dalam periode tersebut dikirim ke pasar yang ada di Asia.<\/p>\n

Menurut Nicolas Bayol dan beberapa peneliti lainnya, yang telah melakukan penelitian terhadap tren sektor kayu di Lembah Kongo, implementasi langkah-langkah pengendalian yang lebih ketat oleh Eropa untuk menjamin legalitas kayu, terutama kesepakatan FLEGT<\/a> Voluntary Partnership Agreements, telah mendorong meningkatnya ekspor kayu dari Afrika Tengah ke Asia. Posisi teratas sebagai rekan dagang dari kawasan ini yaitu China dengan nilai pembelian kayu senilai 1 miliar dollar AS pada 2019.<\/p>\n\n

Para peneliti juga mencatat adanya penurunan daya saing produk-produk hasil dari proses awal dan proses sekunder, yang merupakan produk utama dari negara-negara Afrika Tengah. Hal ini menjadi penyebab utama hilangnya minat negara-negara Eropa terhadap barang-barang dari kawasan tersebut. Para importir kayu balok, kayu potongan persegi, dan balok-balok kecil (scantling<\/em>) sekarang lebih menyukai produk setengah jadi yang memiliki daya saing lebih tinggi dari Amerika Selatan dan Asia Tenggara karena lebih lebih efektif dari segi harga untuk penyimpanannya, siap pakai dan mudah diangkut menggunakan kontainer.<\/p>\n

\u201cMeskipun sudah diambil langkah-langkah untuk mendorong para pengusaha kehutanan untuk meningkatkan produknya agar memiliki nilai tambah, perubahan di Afrika Tengah amat lambat akibat kurangnya infrastruktur, biaya transportasi yang tidak standar, dan kurangnya pelatihan untuk pekerjaan-pekerjaan di bidang perkayuan,\u201c ujar Alain Ngoya Kessy, Konsultan Kehutanan Independen yang berkontribusi pada laporan tersebut. Hal tersebut mendorong para pelaku untuk beralih ke pasar Asia dan China yang persyaratannya, terkait kualitas, lebih longgar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Arus perdagangan dari negara-negara Afrika Tengah periode tahun 2009 dan 2019. Sumber: ResourceTrade.Earth<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ada temuan dari penelitian tersebut bahwa produksi kayu di negara-negara Afrika Tengah relatif lebih stabil dalam 25 tahun terakhir dan tidak terpengaruh oleh pandemi virus Corona, bahkan produksi meningkat pada 2020 hingga mencapai 8 juta meter kubik (m3<\/sup>). Bagaimanapun, Gabon yang secara sepihak melarang ekspor kayu balok, mengalami penurunan produksi dari 2008 \u2013 2012 , dan baru setelahnya produksi meningkat lagi. Pada 2019, Gabon kembali mencapai tingkat produksi seperti sebelum 1998 dan pada 2020 mencapai puncaknya dengan jumlah produksi 3 ton m3 <\/sup>– sama dengan jumlah ketika belum ada pembatasan ekspor kayu balok. Di seluruh kawasan, produksi tetap tinggi terutama untuk spesies \u201cunggulan\u201d (flagship<\/em>) seperti Okoume, Sapeli, Frake, Ayous, Limbali, Sorro, Ilomba, Dabema, Tali, Emien, Essia, Padouk S, Eveuss, Ohia\/Diana, Fromager, dan Tchitola.<\/p>\n

Selain Gabon yang mengolah kayu panenannya dengan merujuk pada Nkok Special Economic Zone, tingkat produksi pengolahan kayu di negara-negara Afrika Tengah bervariasi: Kamerun 70% dari 2,5 juta m3<\/sup>; Republik Demokratik Kongo 55% dari 300.000 m3<\/sup>; Republik Afrika Tengah 55% dari 550.000 m3<\/sup>; Kongo 55% dari 1,8 juta m3<\/sup>; dan Equatorial Guinea 20% dari 800.000 m3<\/sup>. Namun, sebagian besar dari ekspor negara-negara tersebut didominasi oleh hasil pengolahan primer.<\/p>\n

Beberapa tahun terakhir, skema-skema seperti sertifikasi perusahaan swasta dan mekanisme institusional telah diberlakukan untuk intensifikasi perusahaan kayu agar menerapkan pendekatan manajemen yang legal dan berkelanjutan. Namun, upaya seperti itu di negara-negara Afrika Tengah terhambat oleh biaya tinggi, pasar yang membayar murah, tekanan dari para pemangku kepentingan, serta tata kelola yang tidak memadai dan kesulitan untuk mematuhi persyaratan sesuai peraturan, sampai pada 2018 ketika terjadi dinamika yang menyebabkan persoalan sertifikasi berubah. Sampai sekarang ini, menurut para peneliti, Kamerun, Kongo, dan Republik Afrika Tengah telah menandatangani FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreements dengan Uni-Eropa, sedangkan Republik Demokratik Kongo dan Gabon dalam tahap negosiasi.<\/p>\n\n

Sementara skema sertifikasi sangat membantu untuk memastikan bahwa hanya kayu yang dipanen secara legal yang asuk ke pasar, di lapangan pengawasan pada pasar lokal amat buruk \u2013 yang secara signifikan memengaruhi jumlah panenan \u2013 mengabaikan keberlanjutan sumber daya hutan dan akibatnya tidak ada keuntungan langsung bagi negara-negara Afrika Tengah.<\/p>\n

Selain berkontribusi pada upaya mendorong praktik \u201canti perburuan\u201d, melalui kesepakatan-kesepakatan tentang konsesi kayu yang ditandangani negara-negara bersangkutan tersebut, para peneliti menemukan bahwa praktik usaha perkayuan memainkan peran penting dalam mempertahankan jasa-jasa ekosistem di luasan 54 juta hektare hutan produksi di Afrika Tengah yang di atasnya telah diberikan konsesi.<\/p>\n

\u201cDi Afrika Tengah, di hutan-hutan yang dipanen secara selektif, praktik penebangan tidak terlalu mengganggu cadangan karbon. Jumlah cadangan karbon yang hilang rata-rata kurang dari 10 persen dari volume awak di area yang ditebang per tahun. Dengan rotasi 25 tahun – 30 tahun, hitungannya menjadi sekitar 0,3% – 0,4% dari cadangan karbon tahunan. Ini berarti di bawah pertumbuhan tahunan hutan tropis yang rata-rata mencapai 1,5%,\u2019 jelas Caroline Duhesme dari International Tropical Timber Technical Association, salah satu penulis laporan tersebut.<\/p>\n

Untuk memastikan keberlanjutan sumber daya kayu, para peneliti merekomentasikan perencanaan pembangunan yang dibuat pada awal 2000-an, yang telah terbukti sebagai perangkat perencanaan panen yang amat bagus, untuk disempurnakan dan diadaptasi untuk konsesi-konsesi khusus. Konsesi tertua di Afrika Tengah saat ini sudah memulai putaran lima-tahunannya yang terakhir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Permintaan kayu global yang semakin meningkat, terutama ekspor ke China dan negara-negara Asia lainnya, membuka kemungkinan besar ada peningkatan tekanan terhadap hutan hujan tropis di Afrika Tengah. Sebab, di kawasan tersebut terbentang sekitar 200 juta hektar hutan alam yang masih lebat; lebih dari setengahnya belum dikenali (unclassified). Hal ini terungkap dalam laporan para ahli yang […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":81331,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[9830,2671,7234,2672],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[11146],"class_list":["post-81329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","tag-bahasa-hasil-hutan-kayu","tag-bahasa-kayu","tag-bahasa-legalitas-kayu","tag-bahasa-perdagangan-kayu","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPermintaan Kayu Memperberat Tekanan pada Hutan di Afrika Tengah - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/81329\/permintaan-kayu-memperberat-tekanan-pada-hutan-di-afrika-tengah\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Permintaan Kayu Memperberat Tekanan pada Hutan di Afrika Tengah\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Permintaan kayu global yang semakin meningkat, terutama ekspor ke China dan negara-negara Asia lainnya, membuka kemungkinan besar ada peningkatan tekanan terhadap hutan hujan tropis di Afrika Tengah. Sebab, di kawasan tersebut terbentang sekitar 200 juta hektar hutan alam yang masih lebat; lebih dari setengahnya belum dikenali (unclassified). 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