{"id":7203,"date":"2012-01-27T06:37:15","date_gmt":"2012-01-27T06:37:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=7203"},"modified":"2015-11-11T16:31:25","modified_gmt":"2015-11-11T09:31:25","slug":"menyelamatkan-hutan-hujan-tropis-dengan-stetoskop","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/7203\/menyelamatkan-hutan-hujan-tropis-dengan-stetoskop","title":{"rendered":"Menyelamatkan hutan hujan tropis dengan Stetoskop"},"content":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indonesia (27 Januari, 2012)_Memperbaiki kesehatan perempuan lokal di komunitas hutan menjadi insentif kuat bagi mereka untuk berkontribusi pada upaya konservasi, kata studi CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research) terbaru.<\/p>\n

Namun, minimnya ketersediaan fasilitas kesehatan di area hutan dan beratnya beban tanggung jawab rumah tangga menunjukkan sangat terabaikannya kesehatan dan keselamatan kaum wanita di komunitas hutan.<\/p>\n

\u201cDi banyak wilayah hutan tidak tersedia fasilitas kesehatan formal \u2013 tidak ada dokter, klinik dan obat-obatan \u2018modern\u2019,\u201d kata Carol Colfer, Peneliti Rekanan CIFOR dan salah satu penulis dari \u201c<\/em>Forests, women and health: opportunities and challenges for conservation<\/em><\/a>\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cPerawatan kesehatan yang tersedia hanya lewat pengetahuan dan tumbuhan-tumbuhan lokal,\u201d kata Colfer.<\/p>\n

Survei oleh sebuah LSM Indonesia, Alam Sehat Lestari<\/a>, tentang masyarakat di Kalimantan, Indonesia, menunjukkan bahwa penduduk desa harus mengeluarkan sekitar $209 tiap tahun untuk perawatan kesehatan, jauh melebihi pengeluaran untuk makanan ($145 tiap tahun), salah satunya disebabkan tidak adanya akses terdekat.<\/p>\n

Biaya medis yang sangat tinggi telah memaksa sebagian mereka melakukan penebangan liar, menurut temuan studi tersebut. Sebagian lain membuka hutan, seringkali dengan dukungan pemerintah atau industri, menjadi lahan budidaya dan perkebunan sarat pestisida yang telah mencemari air tanah dan menyebarkan penyakit.<\/p>\n

Tanpa adanya fasilitas medis, merawat anggota keluarga yang sakit biasanya menjadi tanggung jawab perempuan. Di banyak wilayah, kaum perempuan menjadi tabib tradisional dan justru seringkali memiliki pengetahuan lebih luas tentang sumber daya hutan untuk pengobatan dan pencegahan berbagai penyakit dan masalah kesehatan lainnya. Karena tanggung jawab ini, perempuan cenderung memiliki minat khusus untuk memperbaiki kesehatan komunitasnya.<\/p>\n

Colfer menekankan pentingnya perempuan diikutsertakan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan kebijakan terkait isu-isu seperti pembangunan dan lingkungan.<\/p>\n

\u201cPerempuan tahu apa yang mereka inginkan, apa yang mereka mampu lakukan, dan dapat menjadi mitra yang kuat dalam upaya mengurangi masalah-masalah kesehatan terkait reproduksi,\u201d kata Colfer. \u201cHal (ini) pada gilirannya memberi mereka kebebasan terlibat dalam mata pencarian, pendidikan, tindakan bersama, dan kegiatan politik dan konservasi.<\/p>\n

TEKANAN POPULASI<\/p>\n

Hampir separuh populasi global terdiri dari perempuan sehingga perempuan merupakan sumber daya manusia yang sangat potensial.<\/p>\n

\u201cWalaupun jumlahnya di komunitas hutan relatif kecil, namun perempuan sangat membutuhkan perbaikan di berbagai sektor karena buruk dan sedikitnya akses ke peralatan keselamatan kerja, teknologi pengendalian kelahiran, dan berbagai hambatan terkait budaya lainnya,\u201d kata Colfer.<\/p>\n

Seperti isu lingkungan, banyak masalah kesehatan diperburuk oleh kelahiran dan besarnya jumlah anak. Di hutan tropis, kehamilan membawa resiko tambahan, dengan penyakit infeksi, menurunnya persediaan pangan dan ketiadaan fasilitas kesehatan sebagai penyebab tingginya angka kelahiran dan kematian.<\/p>\n

Meskipun perbaikan kesehatan kelahiran merupakan bagian inti dari Millennium Development Goal kelima, namun lebih dari 350.000 perempuan meninggal setiap tahunnya karena komplikasi terkait kehamilan dan kelahiran anak, dan sebagian besar terjadi di negara-negara berkembang. Turunnya kandungan dan lahir mati juga merupakan komplikasi utama yang sering terjadi di negara berkembang dan diperburuk oleh umur kelahiran, fasilitas kesehatan buruk, jumlah kehamilan, melahirkan berulang, infeksi melahirkan tidak diobati (seperti malaria dan sipilis) dan terpapar pencemar.<\/p>\n

Meski demikian, di banyak negara, populasi komunitas hutan terus melonjak. Contohnya, di Indonesia, pemerintah mensponsori kebijakan transmigrasi dengan menawarkan insentif ekonomi bagi penduduk tanpa lahan untuk pindah dari wilayah padat populasi. Menurut para aktivis lingkungan di seluruh dunia, penyebaran populasi karena transmigrasi ini justru memberi tekanan besar pada sumber daya hutan. Contohnya, beberapa studi menemukan beberapa perempuan, yang karena kelangkaan bahan bakar kayu, terpaksa menggunakan bahan bakar yang kurang efisien termasuk ranting, daun, kotoran hewan, sisa tanaman atau bahkan plastik.<\/p>\n

Tekanan ini dapat dikurangi dengan menerapkan pengendalian kelahiran di negara-negara berkembang, dimana sekitar 215 juta perempuan yang ingin mencegah kehamilan tidak memiliki akses mendapatkan metode kontrasepsi yang efektif (Singh et al., 2009).<\/p>\n

\u201cBanyak masalah dapat diatasi dengan meningkatkan akses perempuan kepada pengendalian kelahiran,\u201d kata Colfer, \u201cselama upaya tersebut dilakukan secara partisipatif dimana perempuan menjadi pengambil keputusan akhir tentang hal yang menyangkut tubuhnya.\u201d<\/p>\n

Namun, ini lebih mudah dikatakan daripada dilakukan karena perempuan dibatasi oleh budaya mendukung kelahiran atau tuntutan lain (dari suami atau saudara ipar).<\/p>\n

Tetapi studi ini mencatat beberapa contoh inisiatif yang sedang berlangsung yang memadukan konservasi dan kesehatan manusia seperti keluarga berencana, yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki penghidupan lokal dan lingkungan, termasuk di komunitas penyadap karet di Brazil dan masyarakat pedesaan di Madagaskar.<\/p>\n

Walaupun jumlah isu terkait perempuan telah menarik perhatian para pengambil kebijakan dan peneliti, namun studi ini menyimpulkan isu-isu kesehatan perempuan hutan di negara berkembang layak mendapat perhatian lebih serius.<\/p>\n

Menyelesaikan masalah-masalah ini secara efektif, kata Colfer, \u201charus melibatkan negosiasi yang cermat dari relasi kekuatan lokal (baik tradisional dan modern), yang didukung oleh keinginan perempuan.\u201d<\/p>\n

Diterjemahkan oleh Nita Murjani<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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