{"id":658,"date":"2012-03-26T13:37:00","date_gmt":"2012-03-26T13:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=658"},"modified":"2015-10-05T16:53:50","modified_gmt":"2015-10-05T09:53:50","slug":"pembagian-atau-pencadangan-lahan-mencapai-rekonsiliasi-antara-pertanian-dan-konservasi-keanekaragaman-hayati","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/658\/pembagian-atau-pencadangan-lahan-mencapai-rekonsiliasi-antara-pertanian-dan-konservasi-keanekaragaman-hayati","title":{"rendered":"Pembagian atau pencadangan lahan? Mencapai rekonsiliasi antara pertanian dan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Oleh <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/about-us\/cifor-scientific-staff-profile\/detail-profile.html?tx_ciforwebservice[scid]=001014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Terry Sunderland<\/a><br \/>\nPeneliti Senior, <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Center for International Forestry Research<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Populasi penduduk global diperkirakan akan mencapai 9 milyar pada tahun 2050. Tidak hanya semakin banyak mulut yang membutuhkan makanan, namun juga masyarakat sejahtera yang jumlahnya semakin besar akan membutuhkan diet dengan protein yang lebih tinggi, yang akan membutuhkan lahan dan investasi yang besar. Mengingat sebagian besar lahan produktif dunia telah digunakan untuk berbagai bentuk budidaya, para pembuat kebijakan berusaha keras untuk merekonsiliasi kebutuhan yang terus meningkat untuk makanan tambahan dan kebutuhan untuk menghindari perambahan pada ekosistem yang telah terancam.<\/p>\n<p>Beberapa pihak mendukung proses \u201cpembagian lahan\u201d (<i>land sharing<\/i>) di mana  produksi pertanian berlangsung dengan lanskap multifungsi yang kompleks. Sebagian lain mendukung \u201cpencadangan lahan\u201d (<i>land sparing<\/i>) di mana produksi pertanian dilakukan secara maksimal pada daerah yang telah dibudidayakan atau pada lahan marjinal, sehingga daerah lain dapat disisihkan untuk konservasi keanekaragaman hayati.<\/p>\n<p>Walaupun perdebatan seputar \u201cpencadangan lahan\u201d versus \u201cpembagian lahan\u201d hadir sebagai suatu pilihan hitam atau putih (sebagai contoh sebagaimana tercantum dalam artikel ini:<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2011\/0901-hance_landsaving.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">http:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2011\/0901-hance_landsaving.html<\/a>), sebenarnya terdapat \u201cwilayah abu-abu\u201d dalam perencanaan penggunaan lahan, yang bergantung pada kekuatan faktor-faktor yang berinteraksi: geografis, ekologis, ekonomi, sosial dan politik. Sungguh mengejutkan hanya terdapat sejumlah kecil studi komprehensif yang memberikan contoh-contoh nyata tentang potensi untuk pencadangan atau pembagian lahan untuk pertanian dan keuntungan-keuntungan keanekaragaman yang terkait.<\/p>\n<p>Ini merupakan saat yang tepat ketika Victor Gut\u00ederrez-V\u00e9lez dan koleganya baru-baru ini mempublikasikan penelitian tentang beragam sistem perluasan perkebunan kelapa sawit di Peruvian Amazon dan dampaknya terhadap konversi hutan. Dengan menggunakan teknik-teknik penginderaan jauh dan didukung oleh penelitian lapangan, Gut\u00ederrez-V\u00e9lez dkk dapat membedakan antara perluasan perkebunan sawit berskala industri dengan hasil panen yang besar dengan sistem budidaya petani kecil dengan hasil yang rendah, serta bagaimana dua sistem yang berbeda ini diintegrasikan ke dalam pemanfaatan lahan saat ini. Hasil temuan mereka cukup mengejutkan.<\/p>\n<p>Gut\u00ederrez-V\u00e9lez dan koleganya menemukan bahwa walaupun perkebunan petani kecil dengan hasil panen rendah bertanggungjawab terbesar (80%) atas perluasan perkebunan kelapa sawit, hanya 30% dari perluasan ini yang menyebabkan konversi hutan langsung. Namun demikian, perluasan kelapa sawit dengan hasil panen besar, walaupun meminimasi total wilayah untuk mencapai target produksi, telah menyebabkan 75% peningkatan konversi hutan primer. Jelas bagi para pendukung pencadangan lahan sebagai sarana untuk mencapai produksi pertanian dan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati, ini merupakan sebuah hal yang bertentangan dengan pandangan mereka.<\/p>\n<p>Jadi, mengapa perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan produksi tinggi dapat meningkatkan kehilangan hutan? Gut\u00ederrez-V\u00e9lez dkk. berspekulasi bahwa ekspansi terkait erat dengan kepemilikan lahan. Lahan yang sebelumnya telah dibuka, yang tentunya sesuai untuk pertanian dengan hasil besar, sering kali tidak jelas pemiliknya sehingga hak kepemilikan lahannya sering dipertikaikan. Untuk kepentingan komersial, akan lebih mudah untuk memperoleh lahan yang dimiliki oleh negara, sehingga menghindari komplikasi sosial dan politik atas potensi munculnya konflik lahan. Sebaliknya, sebagian besar perluasan perkebunan kelapa sawit oleh petani kecil berlangsung pada daerah-daerah yang sebelumnya telah dibuka, dimana hak kepemilikan lahan lebih mudah untuk dinegosiasi karena tuntutan\/permintaan atas lahan kecil.<\/p>\n<p>Sebuah tambahan komplikasi yang dilaporkan oleh Gut\u00ederrez-V\u00e9lez dkk. adalah situasi ekonomi yang saat ini terjadi di Peru, yang mendukung pertanian komersial, seperti halnya dukungan politik, perlakuan pajak khusus (<i>tax break<\/i>) dan subsidi, yang memberikan sejumlah besar insentif untuk melakukan konversi hutan primer. Penyediaan insentif yang sama untuk mendorong perluasan tersebut pada lahan-lahan marjinal atau pada wilayah yang telah dibuka, akan memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi laju konversi lahan saat ini, demikian disimpulkan Gut\u00ederrez-V\u00e9lez dan koleganya. Walapun saat ini Peru bukan merupakan penghasil kelapa sawit yang utama, insentif yang diberlakukan saat ini untuk meningkatkan produksi dapat menyebabkan lebih banyak lagi konversi hutan primer: sebuah tren mengkhawatirkan yang terjadi di sebagian besar wilayah tropis.<\/p>\n<p>Gut\u00ederrez-V\u00e9lez dkk. menggambarkan kompleksitas sosial dan politik yang lebih luas di balik konsep yang nampaknya sederhana, yaitu: \u201cpencadangan lahan\u201d dan \u201cpembagian lahan\u201d. Tentunya masih panjang jalan yang harus ditempuh untuk rekonsiliasi produksi pertanian bagi populasi yang terus bertambah sejalan dengan tingkat kelestarian sumber daya alam kita yang terus menurun.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Untuk salinan  laporan oleh: Gut\u00ederrez-V\u00e9lez, V, DeFries, R,  Pinedo-Vasquez, M, Uriarte, M, Padoch, C, Baethgen, W, Fernandes, K &#038; Lim,  Y 2011, \u2018High-yield oil palm expansion spares land at the expense of forests in  the Peruvian Amazon\u2019, <em>Environmental  Research Letters<\/em>, vol. 6, no. 4, kunjungi <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3764.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3764.html<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":34667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12227],"tag-bahasa":[2782,2670,2550,2520,2631,3393,2584,2946],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[4903],"class_list":["post-658","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-peru","tag-bahasa-amazon-peru","tag-bahasa-kepemilikan-dan-hak-atas-lahan","tag-bahasa-ketahanan-pangan","tag-bahasa-konservasi","tag-bahasa-pertumbuhan-populasi","tag-bahasa-peru","tag-bahasa-tata-guna-lahan","tag-bahasa-victor-gutierrez","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pembagian atau pencadangan lahan? 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