{"id":65197,"date":"2020-04-21T13:26:31","date_gmt":"2020-04-21T06:26:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=65197"},"modified":"2020-04-28T15:02:00","modified_gmt":"2020-04-28T08:02:00","slug":"hutan-karst-labirin-hijau-hutan-belantara-dan-bebatuan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/65197\/hutan-karst-labirin-hijau-hutan-belantara-dan-bebatuan","title":{"rendered":"Hutan karst: Labirin hijau hutan belantara dan bebatuan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Artikel ini merupakan bagian dari seri <\/em>Hutan Terlupakan<\/em><\/a> di Landscape News.<\/em><\/p>\n

Di hutan puncak Pikikirunga, sebuah gunung di ujung utara Pulau Selatan Selandia Baru, kita harus berhati-hati agar tidak keluar dari jalur yang ada. Selangkah saja salah pijakan, kita dapat jatuh ke dalam lubang dengan gua bawah tanah yang kedalamannya mencapai 183 meter (600 kaki).<\/p>\n

Lebih dari ribuan tahun, air hujan telah mengukir batuan kapur di gunung ini hingga memiliki struktur yang mirip dengan sarang lebah; M\u0101ori, salah satu masyarakat setempat bercerita tentang \u2018penjaga\u2019 air taniwha<\/em> yang memiliki bentuk seperti naga, sosok yang tinggal dan menciptakan labirin bawah tanah ini.<\/p>\n

Bentang alam semacam ini disebut dengan karst. Karst merupakan formasi geologis yang terdiri atas gua, aliran air bawah tanah, lubang pembuangan dan tebing yang terbentuk akibat erosi yang terus terjadi pada batuan dasar lunak \u2013 biasanya pada batuan kapur, dolomit atau gipsum. Topografi yang tidak biasa ini menciptakan kondisi di mana jenis hutan \u2018khusus\u2019 dapat tumbuh. Kondisi ini juga membuat jenis ekosistem hutan karst menjadi tempat hidup sejumlah besar spesies unik dan endemik. Ekosistem karst dapat ditemukan di setiap benua di seluruh dunia, dengan beberapa telah terdaftar sebagai situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO, seperti bentang alam karst Tsingy de Bemaraha<\/a> di Madagaskar dan Karst China Selatan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"
Karst Sungai Li saat senja di Guilin, Cina. Foto oleh<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t<\/figure><\/em><\/p>\n

Sesuai dengan sifatnya, banyak karst sulit dijangkau manusia, yang secara tidak langsung turut menjaga ekosistem ini dari ancaman luar seperti konversi lahan dan aktivitas manusia. Karst Tsingy de Bemaraha misalnya, kondisi bentang alam ini sulit untuk ditembus manusia, membuat sejumlah besar spesies endemik yang hidup di sini relatif tidak mendapat gangguan<\/a> dari luar, meskipun tingkat deforestasi<\/a> dan perburuan<\/a> di negara ini merupakan salah satu yang tertinggi.<\/p>\n

Namun, banyak hutan karst berskala kecil di seluruh dunia kini dalam ancaman kehancuran \u2013 atau sudah dihancurkan \u2013 oleh para penambang batu kapur, yang menggunakan batuan kapur sebagai bahan bangunan, campuran beton, bahan alkali tanah serta kebutuhan lain-lain. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan musnahnya sebagian besar spesies yang bahkan keberadaannya belum diketahui; para ilmuwan juga seringkali berjuang untuk meneliti bentang alam karst dengan menggunakan metode tradisional yang berisiko menyebabkan hal yang sama, belum diketahuinya spesies tanaman dan hewan yang hidup di dalamnya.<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"
Menjelajahi Taman Nasional Tsingy de Bemaraha, Madagascar. Foto oleh<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t<\/figure><\/em><\/p>\n

Yves Laumonier, seorang ilmuwan Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional<\/a> (CIFOR), menjelajahi karst yang bergunung-gunung di Taman Nasional Manusela di bagian timur Pulau Seram, Indonesia, hal yang pertama kali rusak adalah sepatunya. \u201cPemakaian sepatu sangat luar biasa. Sepatu anda tidak akan bertahan lebih dari dua minggu di luar sana.\u201d kenangnya.<\/p>\n

“Ekosistem karst penuh dengan gua, lubang, serta bagian-bagian yan tajam, sehingga jelas lebih sulit untuk bergerak di sini dibandingkan dengan formasi bentang alam lainnya.” ujar Cam Webb, seorang peneliti dan ahli biologi di Universitas Alaska<\/a> yang juga melakukan kerja lapangan di Manusela.<\/p>\n\n

Namun, wawasan yang didapatkan sepadan dengan tantangan yang dihadapi, kata Laumonier. \u201cVegetasi yang ada di sana sangat istimewa, juga tanah dan airnya. Misalnya, Anda akan menemukan beberapa tanaman di sana terlihat seperti beradaptasi dengan kondisi miskin air, meskipun pada dasarnya sering terjadi hujan yang sangat lebat, namun air hujan yang jatuh meresap dengan sangat cepat melalui tanah dan menghilang.”<\/p>\n

Tingkat pH tanah pada ekosistem ini juga tidak biasa. “Sebagian besar tanah tropis pada umumnya memiliki pH cukup masam.” jelas Webb.” Tetapi batuan kapur cenderung memiliki tanah yang lebih basa, sehingga ada sejumlah spesies yang lebih sering ditemukan di sana dibandingkan dengan jenis tanah tropis lain.” Termasuk berbagai jenis anggrek dan spesies pohon dipterokarpa yang terancam punah (Shorea selanica<\/em>), serta vegetasi yang lebih umum seperti palem pandan, kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendra<\/em>), dan bakau.<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"
Kalong maluku yang terancam punah, spesies endemik hutan dataran rendah Maluku, Indonesia. Foto oleh<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t<\/figure><\/em><\/p>\n

Dengan luas 189.000 hektar dengan 11 persen terdiri pulau-pulau di Taman Nasional Manusela \u2013 meliputi tipe hutan pantai, rawa, dataran rendah dan pegunungan \u2013 diresmikan tahun 1997 sebagai upaya pelestarian terakhir bagi kakatua maluku yang terancam punah (Cacatua moluccensis<\/em>). Cagar alam ini juga merupakan rumah bagi 118 spesies burung dan mamalia endemik terbesar di Asia Tenggara, termasuk bandikot hidung panjang (Rhynchomeles prattorum<\/em>) yang terancam punah dan kalong maluku (Pteropus chrysoproctus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Sementara sebagian besar masyarakat pulau Maluku tinggal di bagian dataran rendah yang cocok untuk kegiatan pertanian dan beberapa ada yang tinggal lebih dekat dengan hutan karst. Tanah di sana, meskipun relatif subur, memiliki karakteristik sangat dangkal dan berbatu sehingga jenis tanaman yang bisa diusahakan menjadi terbatas. Sebagian besar penduduk setempat membudidayakan tanaman seperti pisang, kakao, dan sagu di kebun campuran skala kecil, ditambah ikan segar dan makanan liar yang berasal dari hutan.<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"
Bukit karst yang dikelilingi oleh lahan pertanian di Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Foto oleh <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t<\/figure><\/em><\/p>\n

Satu komoditas ekspor bernilai tinggi yang dapat diambil oleh penduduk setempat dari gua-gua batu kapur di Pulau Seram yaitu sarang burung walet putih (Aerodramus fuciphagus<\/em>) yang dapat dimakan dan dihasilkan dari air liur jenis burung itu sendiri. Sarang burung merupakan salah satu produk termahal yang dikonsumsi oleh manusia, dan harganya dapat mencapai USD 3.000 per pon (USD 6.600 per kilogram). Kebudayaan Cina sangat menghargai sarang burung wallet putih ini karena kelangkaannya, nilai gizinya yang tinggi, dan kekayaan rasanya.<\/p>\n

Namun, tradisi dan kepercayaan setempat membatasi gua mana yang dapat diakses dan siapa saja yang memiliki akses. “Ada beberapa gua di mana tidak ada yang diizinkan untuk masuk karena sangat sakral.” kata Laumonier. Di salah satu gua yang ia kunjungi, sebuah koloni kelelawar akan terbang keluar saat senja menjelang malam.<\/p>\n\n

“Dan jika anda pergi ke sana dan kelelawar tidak keluar, itu adalah pertanda buruk.” katanya. “Itu berarti sesuatu yang buruk akan terjadi, atau bahwa pengunjung yang datang tidak diterima.” Pertama kali ia berkunjung, kelelawar itu keluar. \u201cTetapi ketika saya kembali dengan teman-teman saya untuk menunjukkannya kepada mereka, kelelawarnya tidak keluar! Untungnya, seminggu kemudian mereka kembali.\u201d<\/p>\n

Baca seri Hutan Terlupakan lainnya <\/em>di sini<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Artikel ini merupakan bagian dari seri Hutan Terlupakan di Landscape News. Di hutan puncak Pikikirunga, sebuah gunung di ujung utara Pulau Selatan Selandia Baru, kita harus berhati-hati agar tidak keluar dari jalur yang ada. Selangkah saja salah pijakan, kita dapat jatuh ke dalam lubang dengan gua bawah tanah yang kedalamannya mencapai 183 meter (600 kaki). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":264,"featured_media":65202,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[2587,9763],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[7144],"class_list":["post-65197","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-bentang-alam","tag-bahasa-hutan-karst","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHutan karst: Labirin hijau hutan belantara dan bebatuan - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/65197\/hutan-karst-labirin-hijau-hutan-belantara-dan-bebatuan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hutan karst: Labirin hijau hutan belantara dan bebatuan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Artikel ini merupakan bagian dari seri Hutan Terlupakan di Landscape News. 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Di hutan puncak Pikikirunga, sebuah gunung di ujung utara Pulau Selatan Selandia Baru, kita harus berhati-hati agar tidak keluar dari jalur yang ada. Selangkah saja salah pijakan, kita dapat jatuh ke dalam lubang dengan gua bawah tanah yang kedalamannya mencapai 183 meter (600 kaki). 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