{"id":64848,"date":"2020-03-30T18:28:44","date_gmt":"2020-03-30T11:28:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=64848"},"modified":"2020-03-30T18:28:44","modified_gmt":"2020-03-30T11:28:44","slug":"hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/64848\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis","title":{"rendered":"Hutan musim: Mengenal lahan ekstrem di daerah tropis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Adalah lumpur yang menceburkan Jacob Shell.<\/p>\n<p>Ahli geografi dari Philadelphia, sedang melakukan penelitian di hutan musim Myanmar Utara untuk menulis sebuah buku tentang aktivitas gajah di wilayah tersebut, wilayah yang dikenal sering mengalami hujan yang lebat. &#8220;Hujan lebat mengubah kondisi tanah secara signifikan,\u201d katanya, \u201cHujan mengubah tanah menjadi lumpur menjadi dalam, tebal, lengket, dan kental yang tidak saya temukan di daerah asal saya.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Rasanya saat masuk ke lumpur ini, ketika sepatu boot kamu terjebak, dan harus melepaskan sepatunya dan mengeluarkan kakimu, dan kemudian baru bisa secara perlahan mencabut sepatu \u2018kosong\u2019 itu dari lumpur!&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Hutan musim \u2013 atau dikenal sebagai hutan gugur tropis \u2013 tersebar di sekitar garis khatulistiwa di wilayah Asia Tenggara, Amerika, Afrika, dan Australia. Berada di daerah perbatasan antara hutan hujan dan daerah kering, hutan munson dapat dikenali dengan jelas. &#8220;Hutan ini semacam zona transisi antara ekosistem tropis yang lembab dengan vegetasi yang lebih kering, tetapi masih termasuk dalam kriteria vegetasi tropis,&#8221; kata Yves Laumonier, ilmuwan dari <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Selama musim hujan, hutan musim mendapat curah hujan sama yang sama, bahkan lebih dibandingkan dengan hutan hujan. Ini menjadikan tanah di hutan munson subur dan hijau, tersusun atas liana (tanaman kayu) dan epifit (tanaman yang tumbuh pada tanaman lain). Selama musim hujan, kanopi tertutup&#8217; hanya meloloskan sedikit cahaya untuk dapat mencapai lantai hutan. Namun, ketika musim kemarau tiba terjadi sebaliknya karena sebagian besar pohon menggugurkan daun-daun untuk menjaga kelembaban, dan banyak tanaman berkayu yang sebelumnya dinaungi oleh tutupan kanopi, memiliki kesempatan untuk berbunga dan berbuah karena mendapatkan cahaya yang cukup.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_64883\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64883\" style=\"width: 660px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64883 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/29122727476_9e362e68b0_k-660x415.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/29122727476_9e362e68b0_k-660x415.jpg 660w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/29122727476_9e362e68b0_k-566x356.jpg 566w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/29122727476_9e362e68b0_k-768x483.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/29122727476_9e362e68b0_k-1536x966.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/29122727476_9e362e68b0_k-610x384.jpg 610w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/29122727476_9e362e68b0_k-672x423.jpg 672w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/29122727476_9e362e68b0_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64883\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hutan musim mengalami perubahan dari musim kemarau yang kering hingga musim hujan yang lebat. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/siddarthmachado\/29122727476\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Siddarth Macchado\/Flickr<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Hewan-hewan yang hidup di hutan musim juga memiliki daya adaptasi yang unik dalam menghadapi perubahan musim ekstrem. Shell bercerita bahwa ia melihat seekor ular bergerak melintasi tanah pada musim hujan: &#8220;Ularnya tidak merayap, ia melompat!&#8221; ingatnya, \u201cNampaknya itu cara ular mengatasi kesulitan bergerak di lumpur. Jadi, ular melompat seperti kelinci &#8230; dan menggunakan semacam manuver untuk dapat melompat. &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Bagi masyarakat, ekosistem ini menawarkan tantangan dan peluang unik. Saat musim hujan tiba di Lembah Hukawng di negara bagian Kachin di Myanmar utara, jalan-jalan tidak dapat dilalui dan penduduk setempat \u2013 yang sebagian besar merupakan anggota kelompok etnis Kachin \u2013 menggunakan <a href=\"https:\/\/news.globallandscapesforum.org\/42482\/the-carbon-sequestration-powers-of-the-near-extinct-forest-elephant\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">gajah<\/a> untuk moda transportasi. Di musim kemarau, gajah dimanfaatkan untuk membantu mengambil hasil hutan kayu dan menggali batu mineral seperti nefrit (batu giok) dan ambar (resin kayu yang menjadi fosil).<\/p>\n<p>Berbagai tekanan untuk menghasilkan komoditas, atau membuka lahan bagi pertanian merupakan tantangan hutan musim di seluruh dunia. Secara global, diperkirakan kurang dari 5 persen hutan dunia dari tipe ekosistem ini masih dalam keadaan utuh; hutan ini dianggap yang paling terancam keberadannya dibandingkan dengan <a href=\"https:\/\/news.globallandscapesforum.org\/38685\/fast-facts-forests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">semua tipe ekosistem hutan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Di Lembah Hukawng, kata Shell, anak-anak muda tampaknya memiliki &#8220;perasaan intuitif bahwa alam dan tutupan hutan adalah hal unik yang ditawarkan oleh Kachin kepada dunia.&#8221; Memang benar: lembah adalah pusat keanekaragaman hayati terbesar di daratan Asia.<\/p>\n<p>Hutan monsoon adalah gudang terbesar batu giok dan fosil resin kayu dari masa Mesozoic.<\/p>\n<p>Adanya permintaan pasar yang tinggi, terutama dari China, penambangan batu giok &#8220;terjadi dalam skala besar sehingga Anda dapat melihatnya di foto satelit,&#8221; kata Shell. \u201cHal ini dilakukan dengan membuka beberapa mil persegi tutupan hutan di kawasan itu.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Hasil hutan kayu, khususnya kayu <a href=\"https:\/\/news.globallandscapesforum.org\/40486\/in-ghana-reasons-for-updating-not-outlawing-controlled-burning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">jati<\/a> merupakan komoditas bernilai tinggi yang juga berasal dari kawasan ini sehingga pembalakan telah menjadi hal biasa. Pemerintah Myanmar juga membuka eberapa kawasan hutan untuk keperluan industri pertanian, seperti perkebunan kelapa sawit. Masyarakat Kachin telah berjuang untuk memerdekakan diri dari Myanmar selama 60 tahun, dan sebagian besar tetua masyarakat yang berbicara dengan Shell tampaknya melihat eksploitasi lingkungan sebagai alasan kuat.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_64887\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64887\" style=\"width: 623px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64887 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-623x415.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"623\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-623x415.jpg 623w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-566x377.jpg 566w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-263x176.jpg 263w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-610x407.jpg 610w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-152x102.jpg 152w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-669x446.jpg 669w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k-75x49.jpg 75w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/37749504225_6b87b3ea53_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64887\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hutan musim perbukitan di Myanmar. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/daemon_nikopol\/37749504225\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Nicolas\/Flickr<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&#8220;Ada lebih banyak konsep, atau kepercayaan bahwa kepentingan politik perlu diprioritaskan daripada lingkungan,&#8221; katanya.<\/p>\n<p>Di Indonesia, di mana Laumonier telah melakukan sebagian besar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/6840\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">penelitiannya<\/a>, hutan musim di wilayah timur juga &#8220;mengalami gangguan lebih besar daripada hutan hujan,&#8221; katanya, &#8220;Karena lebih mudah mencapai wilayah tersebut (daripada ke hutan hujan), kemudian melakukan kegiatan pertanian, peternakan, dan kegiatan lainnya.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Meski laju degradasi cukup tinggi, sayangnya intensitas perhatian akan perlindungan hutan musim lebih kecil dibandingkan hutan hujan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh tidak adanya lagi area yang luas yang tersisa untuk dilindungi, dan donor penyandang dana lebih bersedia menjalankan proyek di luasan hutan yang lebih besar seperti hutan di Sumatra dan Kalimantan, kata Laumonier. Ada sebagian kecil penelitian atau kebijakan yang mempertimbangkan keunikan ekosistem hutan musim. \u201cMisalnya, kebijakan yang mengatur penebangan, adalah sama persis dengan yang ada di Sumatra atau bagian timur Indonesia,\u201d kata Laumonier. &#8220;Dan ini salah, tentu saja anda tidak dapat menerapkan sistem silvikultur yang sama di hutan yang memiliki siklus enam bulan tanpa air. Jadi setiap kali mereka masuk ke lingkungan seperti ini, yang terjadi adalah bencana.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Kembali ke 1988, Daniel Janzen, seorang ahli biologi membuat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK219281\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">kutipan penting<\/a> dalam sebuah buku tentang keanekaragaman hayati untuk ahli konservasi, peneliti, dan para pembuat kebijakan untuk melindungi hutan musim yang tersisa. \u201cEkosistem tropis mengandung sisa-sisa dari hutan yang tanahnya dulu subur, tumbuh dari sumber benih yang kini semakin berkurang, dan bertunas dari lahan alami yang masih utuh,\u201d tulisnya. &#8220;Organisme ini sekarang tumbuh dan berkembang di atas bentang lahan yang rusak dan akan mati tanpa adanya pengganti.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Janzen mencatat bahwa &#8216;biasanya&#8217; bentang lahan tipe ini \u2013 dengan fakta bahwa hutan ini cenderung memiliki lebih sedikit keanekaragaman hayati dibandingkan dengan ekosistem hutan hujan \u2013 tampak menjadi kendala bagi ekosistem hutan ini mendapatkan perhatian yang layak: \u201cDalam hal percepatan pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati, kita berisiko mewariskan kepada generasi selanjutnya beberapa permasalahan -lain-lain, dibandingkan hal-hal substansial mengenai ekosistem tropis,\u201d tulisnya.<\/p>\n<p>Proyek-proyek berskala kecil yang bertujuan melindungi dan\/atau memulihkan hutan musim telah dilakukan di berbagai penjuru dunia, mulai dari <a href=\"https:\/\/biospherefoundation.org\/project\/monsoon-forest-restoration-project\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">pantai Bali<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/natureandculture.org\/ecosystems\/tropical-deciduous-forests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">lereng barat Pegunungan Andes<\/a>, hingga <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrm.gov.au\/indigenous-nrm\/territory\/monsoon-forests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">wilayah utara Australia<\/a>. Tetapi masih belum jelas apakah penelitian, pendanaan, dan juga kebijakan tersebut akan terus memperhatikan aspek penting bentang alam unik ini, sementara banyak hal lain-lain yang juga perlu diselamatkan. &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Artikel ini merupakan bagian dari seri <a href=\"https:\/\/news.globallandscapesforum.org\/43156\/forgotten-forests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><em>Hutan Terlupakan<\/em><\/a> di Landscape News.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Adalah lumpur yang menceburkan Jacob Shell. Ahli geografi dari Philadelphia, sedang melakukan penelitian di hutan musim Myanmar Utara untuk menulis sebuah buku tentang aktivitas gajah di wilayah tersebut, wilayah yang dikenal sering mengalami hujan yang lebat. &#8220;Hujan lebat mengubah kondisi tanah secara signifikan,\u201d katanya, \u201cHujan mengubah tanah menjadi lumpur menjadi dalam, tebal, lengket, dan kental [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":264,"featured_media":64882,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12283],"tag-bahasa":[2534,9722],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[7144],"class_list":["post-64848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-myanmar","tag-bahasa-ekosistem","tag-bahasa-gajah","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hutan musim: Mengenal lahan ekstrem di daerah tropis - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/64848\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hutan musim: Mengenal lahan ekstrem di daerah tropis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Adalah lumpur yang menceburkan Jacob Shell. Ahli geografi dari Philadelphia, sedang melakukan penelitian di hutan musim Myanmar Utara untuk menulis sebuah buku tentang aktivitas gajah di wilayah tersebut, wilayah yang dikenal sering mengalami hujan yang lebat. &#8220;Hujan lebat mengubah kondisi tanah secara signifikan,\u201d katanya, \u201cHujan mengubah tanah menjadi lumpur menjadi dalam, tebal, lengket, dan kental [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/64848\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-03-30T11:28:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/45075364351_b4695f6bfe_k.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1335\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Monica Evans\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/64848\\\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/64848\\\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Monica Evans\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/bbc4f31739de12be65a7163dcd213d70\"},\"headline\":\"Hutan musim: Mengenal lahan ekstrem di daerah tropis\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-03-30T11:28:44+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/64848\\\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis\"},\"wordCount\":995,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/64848\\\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/03\\\/45075364351_b4695f6bfe_k.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Forests News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/64848\\\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2020\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/64848\\\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/64848\\\/hutan-musim-mengenal-lahan-ekstrem-di-daerah-tropis\",\"name\":\"Hutan musim: Mengenal lahan ekstrem di daerah tropis - 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