{"id":57066,"date":"2018-07-10T13:34:21","date_gmt":"2018-07-10T06:34:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=57066"},"modified":"2018-07-10T16:08:44","modified_gmt":"2018-07-10T09:08:44","slug":"getah-gaharu-sebuah-kisah-migrasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/57066\/getah-gaharu-sebuah-kisah-migrasi","title":{"rendered":"Getah Gaharu: Sebuah kisah migrasi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pada awal \u201cdemam gaharu\u201d, ratusan migran menembus hingga kedalaman Kalimantan Utara, Indonesia. Ada uang yang terjanji.<\/p>\n<p>Gaharu \u2013 batang pohon Aquilaria yang harum dan mengeluarkan getah akibat infeksi jamur \u2013 sangat diminati sebagai pengharum di Timur Tengah dan obat di Tiongkok. Pada 2018, kepingan kecil gaharu dijual seharga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agarwoodprices.com\/prices\/agarwood-chips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">7 dolar AS per kilogram<\/a> di sejumlah negara, dan spesimen terbaik bisa bernilai <a href=\"https:\/\/interactive.aljazeera.com\/aje\/2016\/oud-agarwood-scent-from-heaven\/scent-from-heaven-the-king-of-agarwood.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">jutaan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ketika harga gaharu melambung pada 1990-an, masyarakat menyerbu hutan terpencil Apo Kayan \u2013 bagian dari suku Dayak Kalimantan \u2013 dengan harapan menghasilkan uang. Tidak hanya pendatang, ratusan masyarakat Dayak kembali ke desa asalnya, dua dekade setelah mereka pindah ke dataran rendah untuk mencari penghidupan. Mereka tidak menemukannya di sana, dan pulang untuk mencari gaharu, atau menjual jasa bagi mereka yang melakukan ekspedisi.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Pada awalnya, para \u2018pemudik\u2019 ini disambut baik, meski yang telah pergi berarti telah meninggalkan hak atas lahan adatnya. Christine Eghenter yang meneliti demam gaharu di awal 2000-an, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/267039953_Of_Negotiable_Boundaries_and_Fixed_Lines_in_Borneo_Practices_and_Views_of_the_Border_in_the_Apo_Kayan_Region_of_East_Kalimantan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">menemukan<\/a> bahwa aturan untuk memetik gaharu sangat longgar.<\/p>\n<p>Ketika makin banyak pedagang berdatangan, dewan adat mulai memperdebatkan apa yang harus dilakukan. Apakah pengumpul gaharu harus membayar saat memasuki lahan adat? Apakah perlu ada pajak atas jumlah kayu yang dikumpulkan? Bagaimana mereka memantau apa yang dipetik di dalam hutan? Apakah perlu larangan memetik gaharu terhadap pihak luar atau pendatang? Apakah \u2018pemudik\u2019 ditempatkan sebagai \u2018orang dalam\u2019 atau \u2018orang luar\u2019?<\/p>\n<p>Tidak ada kesepakatan tercapai atas pertanyaan-pertanyan tersebut. Para pedagang dari luar kawasan mengambil keuntungan dari meningginya ketegangan dan perpecahan yang terjadi dalam masyarakat.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"aspect-ratio:16\/9;min-height:unset;\" class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-parallax has-custom-content-position is-position-bottom-center has-aspect-ratio\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-56905 size-full has-parallax\" style=\"background-position:50% 50%;\n\t\t\t\tbackground-image:url(https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/35800493470_0bd3f031a0_k.jpg)\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-base-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-c7274f9a76ff948295c72066c2502b23\">Birdcage in a Dayak village, North Kalimantan.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/4183\/taking-migration-seriously-what-are-the-implications-for-gender-and-community-forestry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><br \/>\n<\/a><strong>PIHAK DALAM DAN PIHAK LUAR <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Penelitian mengenai migrasi di wilayah tropis seringkali terjebak pada sesuatu yang klise: penyederhanaan gagasan bahwa \u2018migran menyebabkan deforestasi dan kerusakan lingkungan\u2019, kata <a href=\"https:\/\/pokokborneo.wordpress.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Paul Thung<\/a>, seorang peneliti <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional<\/a>. Salah satu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/handle\/10419\/130249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">penelitian<\/a> menyodorkan hitungan, satu hektare hutan akan hilang untuk setiap delapan migran yang memasuki kawasan.<\/p>\n<p>Contoh dari Apo Kayan menunjukkan \u201cbetapa abstraknya pernyataan seperti itu, ketika kita melihat besarnya variabilitas situasi di lapangan,\u201d kata Thung \u2013 dan betapa rumitnya kisah migrasi sebenarnya.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAda masalah dengan migran sirkular, mereka berada di antara pihak lokal dan pihak luar; ada juga yang menikahi penduduk desa; dan jelas ada pihak luar.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKita perlu mengakui bahwa seorang migran bukan sekadar orang yang datang, tetapi bahwa migrasi juga didorong oleh sejumlah faktor penyebab \u2013 politik, ekonomi dan sosial.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSeperti fakta bahwa migrasi tidak terlalu banyak terkait mengenai dampak pada hutan, jika kita tidak melihat konteks ekonomi dan sosialnya.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/publication-author\/thung-p-h\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Thung<\/a> dan peneliti CIFOR lain, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/scientific-staff-detail\/4485\/kartika-sari-juniwaty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Kartika Sari Juniwaty<\/a>, telah menyisir penelitian yang ada mengenai migrasi di Indonesia untuk sebuah <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/6796\/missing-links-in-the-forest-migration-nexus-an-analysis-of-trends-literature-and-data-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">CIFOR<\/a> Occasional Paper. Laporan ini bersumber dari survei dan sensus, catatan administratif, hingga studi kasus individual seperti kisah gaharu.<\/p>\n<p>Menurut Thung, data masih minim dengan kesenjangan yang signifikan. Pemerintah Indonesia tidak menyimpan catatan komprehensif mengenai remitansi yang dikirim dari luar negeri atau dari dalam negeri, selain itu sangat sedikit data kuantitatif yang mengaitkan migrasi dengan pemanfaatan lahan.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMasih banyak yang harus dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gambaran jelas mengenai migrasi di Indonesia,\u201d kata Thung.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/6796\/missing-links-in-the-forest-migration-nexus-an-analysis-of-trends-literature-and-data-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Laporan<\/a> ini mengangkat beragam perbedaan pola dan tren migrasi di Indonesia, dan menyeru para peneliti untuk menganalisis kaitan antara migrasi dan hutan secara lebih holistik.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIsu migrasi lebih luas daripada sekadar orang yang pindah ke dalam hutan,\u201d kata Thung.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOrang pindah dari hutan di luar negeri, mereka pindah ke kota; atau pindah sementara, dan menggantungkan hidupnya di berbagai tempat pada saat yang sama, atau dalam kehidupan tunggal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Migrasi Indonesia dalam Angka <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1,9% penduduk Indonesia bermigrasi antarprovinsi antara 2010 dan 2015<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/bps.go.id\/website\/pdf_publikasi\/Statistik-Migrasi-Indonesia-Hasil-Survei-Penduduk-Antar-Sensus-2015--.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>53% di antaranya berasal dari provinsi di Jawa<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/bps.go.id\/website\/pdf_publikasi\/Statistik-Migrasi-Indonesia-Hasil-Survei-Penduduk-Antar-Sensus-2015--.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>30% penduduk yang tinggal Kalimantan Utara lahir di tempat lain <sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/bps.go.id\/website\/pdf_publikasi\/Statistik-Migrasi-Indonesia-Hasil-Survei-Penduduk-Antar-Sensus-2015--.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>3.876.739 Orang Indonesia tinggal di luar negeri pada 2015<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/migration\/data\/estimates2\/estimates15.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Mereka mengirim sekitar 9,66 miliar dolar AS dalam bentuk remitansi<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues\/brief\/migration-remittances-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>61% di antaranya tinggal di Arab Saudi atau Malaysia<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/migration\/data\/estimates2\/estimates15.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>92% migran di Arab Saudi pada 2005 adalah perempuan<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/19201\/1\/MPRA_paper_19201.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201cKita tidak bisa hanya berpikir mengenai dampak pada lokasi tujuan, tetapi juga bagaimana migrasi mempengaruhi tempat dari mana orang datang, dalam bentuk remitansi yang mereka kirim, atau sumber daya yang terbawa bersama mereka \u2013 misalnya potensi tenaga kerja mereka.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ilmuwan CIFOR <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/scientific-staff-detail\/3592\/bimbika-sijapati-basnett\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Bimbika Sijapati Basnett<\/a>, yang mengelola <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/migration-and-forests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">investigasi lebih luas mengenai hutan dan migrasi di CIFOR<\/a> mengatakan, penelitian diperlukan untuk melihat lebih dekat \u2018faktor mitigasi\u2019 yang membentuk relasi antara migrasi dan perubahan pemanfaatan lahan.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKebijakan pemerintah, lembaga adat, lingkungan pertanian lokal \u2013 semua itu dapat memperkuat perilaku tertentu para migran, dan jenis perubahan lahan tertentu pula. Kita perlu bertanya, apa kondisi yang mendasarinya? Dari mana orang datang? Seperti apa jejaring sosial mereka? Apa visi jangka panjang mereka?<\/p>\n<p>\u201cInilah faktor asal yang berada di tengah dan menjelaskan hasil kita. Jika kita kehilangan bagian tengah ini, kita tidak akan mendapat banyak hal, selain generalisasi besar seperti \u2018orang datang dan merusak hutan,\u201d katanya.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"aspect-ratio:16\/9;min-height:unset;\" class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-parallax has-custom-content-position is-position-bottom-center has-aspect-ratio\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-56907 size-full has-parallax\" style=\"background-position:50% 50%;\n\t\t\t\tbackground-image:url(https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/35800704450_0cbbe7c683_k.jpg)\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-base-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-c7274f9a76ff948295c72066c2502b23\">Sunset in a Dayak village in North Kalimantan.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pada awal \u201cdemam gaharu\u201d, ratusan migran menembus hingga kedalaman Kalimantan Utara, Indonesia. Ada uang yang terjanji. Gaharu \u2013 batang pohon Aquilaria yang harum dan mengeluarkan getah akibat infeksi jamur \u2013 sangat diminati sebagai pengharum di Timur Tengah dan obat di Tiongkok. Pada 2018, kepingan kecil gaharu dijual seharga 7 dolar AS per kilogram di sejumlah [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":57093,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090,95,184],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12222],"tag-bahasa":[3008,7830,7827,5854,2560,7829,2602,7828],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3100],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[545],"class_list":["post-57066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","category-human-wellbeing","category-value-chains-finance","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-indonesia","tag-bahasa-bimbika-sijapati-basnett","tag-bahasa-dayak","tag-bahasa-gaharu","tag-bahasa-hutan","tag-bahasa-jender","tag-bahasa-kartika-juniwaty","tag-bahasa-migrasi","tag-bahasa-paul-thung","type-bahasa-fitur"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Getah Gaharu: Sebuah kisah migrasi - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/57066\/getah-gaharu-sebuah-kisah-migrasi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Getah Gaharu: Sebuah kisah migrasi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pada awal \u201cdemam gaharu\u201d, ratusan migran menembus hingga kedalaman Kalimantan Utara, Indonesia. Ada uang yang terjanji. Gaharu \u2013 batang pohon Aquilaria yang harum dan mengeluarkan getah akibat infeksi jamur \u2013 sangat diminati sebagai pengharum di Timur Tengah dan obat di Tiongkok. 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