{"id":56409,"date":"2018-05-24T14:58:20","date_gmt":"2018-05-24T07:58:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=56409"},"modified":"2018-05-24T14:58:20","modified_gmt":"2018-05-24T07:58:20","slug":"mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/56409\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan","title":{"rendered":"Mengatasi dilema tata guna lahan dengan \u2018empat kekuatan\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Penguasaan tanah berhubungan erat dengan konotasi negatif. Sejumlah aktor memegang semua kekuatan untuk mengendalikan hubungan di sekitar penggunaan lahan. Dilema tentang transformasi lahan menjadi terlalu rumit untuk diatasi.<\/p>\n<p>Terdapat beberapa anggapan umum dari penulis pendamping <a href=\"http:\/\/www.uhpress.hawaii.edu\/p-7556-9780824836030.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">buku<\/a> Kekuatan Pengecualian: dilema tanah di Asia Tenggara terbantahkan selama <a href=\"http:\/\/events.globallandscapesforum.org\/agrarian-change-powers-exclusion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">diskusi online<\/a> &#8216;Transformasi bentang alam: apa hubungannya dengan kekuasaan?,&#8217; diselenggarakan oleh <a href=\"http:\/\/www.globallandscapesforum.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Global Landscape Forum<\/a> (GLF) dan dimoderatori oleh Bimbika Sijapati Basnett, peneliti <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional<\/a> (CIFOR)<\/p>\n<p>Bagi para panelis dan rekan penulis \u2013 peneliti bidang politik Derek Hall, ahli geografi Philip Hirsch dan antropolog Tania Murray Li &#8211; \u2018pembebasan\u2019 bukanlah kebalikan dari \u2018penyertaan\u2019, melainkan \u2018akses\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Pengecualian mengacu pada orang yang dicegah mengakses manfaat seperti tanah, tetapi ini tidak selalu negatif,&#8221; kata Hall, profesor ilmu politik di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wlu.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Wilfrid Laurier University<\/a>. \u201cPengecualian tidak sama dengan perampasan. Bahkan, semua penggunaan lahan produktif membutuhkan beberapa jenis pengecualian.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Dalam diskusi online dan di dalam buku, rekan penulis membuat studi kasus bahwa &#8216;empat kekuatan&#8217; pengecualian membentuk hubungan tanah di Asia Tenggara: peraturan, kekuatan, pasar dan legitimasi, yang terakhir yang mengacu pada alasan moral untuk mengecualikan orang lain. Melihat interaksi antara kekuatan ini dapat berfungsi sebagai kerangka kerja untuk memahami dinamika kekuasaan dalam akses darat, dimanapun di dunia.<\/p>\n<p>Penulis menyoroti proses-proses yang secara khusus mengubah hubungan tanah akhir-akhir ini, yaitu formalisasi akses lahan, penanaman &#8216;hasil panen&#8217;, konversi lahan untuk penggunaan non-pertanian, dan pembentukan kelas agraria di tingkat desa. Dengan menggunakan kerangka kerja untuk memeriksa proses-proses ini, kemudian dapat ditentukan siapa yang memiliki akses ke tanah, bagaimana orang lain dikecualikan, dan bagaimana mereka yang tanpa akses sama sekali dicegah untuk mendapatkannya.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PERMAINAN KEKUASAAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Bagaimana mungkin orang-orang &#8211; termasuk petani skala kecil dan masyarakat pribumi &#8211; mencegah negara, korporasi?&#8221; Kata Hall. \u201cBagaimana mereka mencegah orang lain melakukan hal-hal yang tidak ingin mereka lakukan di tanah mereka? Kekuatan macam apa yang mungkin mereka miliki?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Dengan kata lain, ketika harus memahami konflik sosial dan politik yang didorong oleh transformasi bentang alam, pengecualian pada umumnya bukanlah masalah utama. Sebaliknya, yang penting adalah siapa yang dikecualikan, bagaimana pembenaran untuk pengecualian berbeda dan berubah di seluruh konteks dan dari waktu ke waktu, dan dengan konsekuensi apa.<\/p>\n<p>Menggambarkan interaksi kerangka kerja dinamika kekuasaan, Li, profesor antropologi di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utoronto.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">University of Toronto<\/a>, menceritakan pengalaman lapangannya di Asia Tenggara.<\/p>\n<p>Sebuah perusahaan tertentu, katanya, menawarkan suap kepada pejabat pertanahan untuk membengkokkan peraturan yang menguntungkan baginya; menggunakan penjaga dan pagar untuk melindungi perkebunannya (kekuatan); dan pejabat tsb membantah telah diundang oleh pemerintah untuk menciptakan lapangan kerja (legitimasi).<\/p>\n<p>Faktanya, seorang petani skala kecil dengan kepentingan bersebrangan menjadi tidak berdaya. &#8220;Sebagai permulaan, ada fakta bahwa dia ada di sana, karena perusahaan tidak dapat mengusir semua orang,&#8221; kata Li. &#8220;Dia mungkin juga bisa berhubungan dengan tetangga dan LSM yang dapat mendukungnya.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Kita perlu melihat sifat kekuatan dan fakta bahwa itu berasal dari berbagai sumber,&#8221; kata Hirsch, profesor geografi manusia dari <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi37rbIxJXbAhWRjqQKHfd2CvcQFjAAegQIARAr&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsydney.edu.au%2F&amp;usg=AOvVaw0qYsTTrTEqXyufoBHfqxQ3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">University of Sydney<\/a>. \u201cBahaya ketika melihat peraturan atau kekuatan pasar dengan cara yang tersegmentasi. Ini adalah cara hal-hal ini kerja bersama-sama yang menawarkan cara terbaik untuk memahami bagaimana pengecualian beroperasi. \u201d<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>MEMBERI DISINI, MENGAMBIL DISANA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Setelah transformasi bentang alam dianalisis, maka muncul masalah mencari solusi atas sengketa penggunaan lahan &#8211; yang tidak selalu mudah.<\/p>\n<p>Secara alami, pengecualian memiliki 2 sisi yang berbeda, kata Hall, karena berkomitmen untuk penggunaan lahan tertentu berarti memberikan manfaat yang mungkin berasal dari yang lain. Misalnya, menetapkan area yang disisihkan untuk konservasi mungkin menyiratkan kehilangan peluang mata pencaharian tertentu.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Oleh karena itu, lebih sering daripada tidak, transformasi bentang alam datang dengan dilema. &#8220;Buku kami adalah tentang kelompok-kelompok yang berkonflik dengan diri mereka sendiri, mencoba menavigasi ujung-ujung pengecualian,&#8221; kata Hall.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBanyak pendekatan tata kelola lahan tampaknya menunjukkan bahwa jika kita membuat semua pemangku kepentingan duduk di bersama dapat muncul dengan situasi menang-menang di mana semua orang akan bahagia,\u201d kata Li. Tetapi ini tidak selalu terjadi.<\/p>\n<p>Misalnya, ribuan penduduk kota mungkin menentang seorang petani yang memegang lima hektar lahan. \u201cApa yang akan menjadi menang-menang dalam kasus itu? Itu akan menjadi dilema.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Dari sudut pandangnya, situasi ini tidak dapat disingkirkan. Mereka harus dihadapkan dan &#8220;dinegosiasikan dengan kesadaran penuh tentang keterlibatan kepentingan yang sangat berbeda.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Apa yang kami coba usulkan adalah kerangka kerja untuk memikirkan masalah yang rumit dan membongkar semua dilema itu,&#8221; katanya. Lagi pula, &#8220;ini adalah tentang bagaimana kita dapat memahami skenario perubahan bentang alam, daripada hanya binggung akibat adanya kekacauan.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Diskusi online ini didukung oleh pendanaan dari program penelitian <a href=\"http:\/\/foreststreesagroforestry.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">CGIAR tentang Hutan, Pohon dan Agroforestri<\/a>, program penelitian <a href=\"http:\/\/pim.cgiar.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">CGIAR tentang Kebijakan, Lembaga dan Pasar<\/a>, dan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Badan Pembangunan Internasional AS<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-51473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/PIM_Logo_White_OrangeText_LG-566x307.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/PIM_Logo_White_OrangeText_LG-566x307.jpeg 566w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/PIM_Logo_White_OrangeText_LG-768x417.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/PIM_Logo_White_OrangeText_LG-764x415.jpeg 764w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/PIM_Logo_White_OrangeText_LG-610x331.jpeg 610w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/PIM_Logo_White_OrangeText_LG-744x400.jpeg 744w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/PIM_Logo_White_OrangeText_LG.jpeg 1416w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px\" \/><\/em><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-56398\" src=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/FTA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"382\" height=\"150\" \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-56399\" src=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/PastedGraphic-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"242\" height=\"208\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Penguasaan tanah berhubungan erat dengan konotasi negatif. Sejumlah aktor memegang semua kekuatan untuk mengendalikan hubungan di sekitar penggunaan lahan. Dilema tentang transformasi lahan menjadi terlalu rumit untuk diatasi. Terdapat beberapa anggapan umum dari penulis pendamping buku Kekuatan Pengecualian: dilema tanah di Asia Tenggara terbantahkan selama diskusi online &#8216;Transformasi bentang alam: apa hubungannya dengan kekuasaan?,&#8217; diselenggarakan [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":265,"featured_media":56414,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1072],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[7726,7071,7728,7725,2590,2564,7515,7727,6521],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[6545],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[7135],"class_list":["post-56409","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-landscapes","language-bahasa-indonesia","tag-bahasa-akses-lahan","tag-bahasa-global-landscapes-forum","tag-bahasa-kekuatan","tag-bahasa-ktt-digital","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-lokal","tag-bahasa-pemerintahan","tag-bahasa-penggunaan-lahan","tag-bahasa-penguasaan-lahan","tag-bahasa-tenurial","type-bahasa-liputan-acara"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mengatasi dilema tata guna lahan dengan \u2018empat kekuatan\u2019 - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/56409\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mengatasi dilema tata guna lahan dengan \u2018empat kekuatan\u2019\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Penguasaan tanah berhubungan erat dengan konotasi negatif. Sejumlah aktor memegang semua kekuatan untuk mengendalikan hubungan di sekitar penggunaan lahan. Dilema tentang transformasi lahan menjadi terlalu rumit untuk diatasi. Terdapat beberapa anggapan umum dari penulis pendamping buku Kekuatan Pengecualian: dilema tanah di Asia Tenggara terbantahkan selama diskusi online &#8216;Transformasi bentang alam: apa hubungannya dengan kekuasaan?,&#8217; diselenggarakan [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/56409\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-05-24T07:58:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/35723408642_a02981e07d_k-2.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1360\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Gloria Pallares\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/56409\\\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/56409\\\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Gloria Pallares\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/390ed4e4c0b6a6a26f9df9e38dd6da99\"},\"headline\":\"Mengatasi dilema tata guna lahan dengan \u2018empat kekuatan\u2019\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-05-24T07:58:20+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/56409\\\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan\"},\"wordCount\":748,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/56409\\\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/05\\\/35723408642_a02981e07d_k-2.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Landscapes\"],\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/56409\\\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2018\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/56409\\\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/56409\\\/mengatasi-dilema-tata-guna-lahan-dengan-empat-kekuatan\",\"name\":\"Mengatasi dilema tata guna lahan dengan \u2018empat kekuatan\u2019 - 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