{"id":55517,"date":"2018-04-03T07:00:42","date_gmt":"2018-04-03T00:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=55517"},"modified":"2018-03-30T12:26:35","modified_gmt":"2018-03-30T05:26:35","slug":"silsilah-keluarga-tropis-melacak-evolusi-masa-lalu-hutan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/55517\/silsilah-keluarga-tropis-melacak-evolusi-masa-lalu-hutan","title":{"rendered":"Silsilah keluarga tropis: Melacak evolusi masa lalu hutan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Para ilmuwan melacak sejarah evolusi hutan tropis dunia, dengan hasil yang mengejutkan \u2013 dan wawasan baru yang dapat membantu menyempurnakan respon atas perubahan iklim.<\/p>\n

Bagi masyarakat umum hutan tropis di Afrika, Asia dan Amerika Latin terlihat sama. Tetumbuhan hijau lebat dari bawah sampai kanopinya. Dilihat lebih dekat, hutan ternyata berbeda. Hanya 4% spesies pohon tropis<\/a> ditemukan di seluruh tiga benua itu. Di Afrika, misalnya, sedikit sekali sawit di hutan Afrika. Sementara di Asia dan Amerika Latin, berbagai jenis sawit ditemukan di bawah kanopi.<\/p>\n

Berdasarkan sedikitnya spesies yang serupa, ilmuwan awalnya melakukan pemisahan antara hutan \u2018dunia lama\u2019 Afrika dan Asia serta hutan \u2018dunia baru\u2019 Amerika yang relatif lebih berjarak. Namun, sebuah penelitian<\/a> terbaru, menggunakan teknik yang disebut \u2018kesamaan filogenetik komunitas\u2019, mencoba menggali kembali evolusi tanaman di masa lalu untuk mengungkap hubungan baru.<\/p>\n

Lebih dari 100 ilmuwan menyumbangkan data dari petak hutan di Asia, Afrika dan Amerika Latin, hingga terkumpul hampir sejuta sampel berbeda dari 15.000 spesies pohon. Kemudian, peneliti utama Ferry Slik<\/a>, dari Universiti Brunei Darussalam, menganalisis \u2018keterkaitan\u2019 tiap spesies pohon \u2013 sejauh mana mereka memiliki kesamaan leluhur\u2013 di antara seluruh petak hutan. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

\u201cKita memilih dua lokasi, dan di tiap lokasi kita membuat daftar 20 spesies,\u201d kata Slik.<\/p>\n

\u201cBahkan jika tidak ada spesies yang sama, dengan menggunakan filogeni \u2013 silsilah keluarga \u2013 kita tetap dapat membandingkan dua hutan, karena pada tingkat tertentu evolusi masa lalu spesies ini saling terkait.<\/p>\n

\u201cUntuk tiap spesies di lokasi pertama, kita mencari spesies terkait paling dekat di lokasi kedua. Kemudian kita dapat menggunakan filogeni untuk menelaah sudah berapa lama spesies ini terpisah.<\/p>\n

\u201cKemudian kita lakukan itu untuk seluruh 20 spesies dan menghitung rata-ratanya. Spesies yang menunjukkan keterkaitan erat dengan spesies lain, akan makin menunjukkan kemiripannya dalam analisis ini.\u201d<\/p>\n

TEMUAN MENGEJUTKAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ketika mengolah angka, mereka membalikkan sejumlah pandangan lama mengenai biogeografi dunia. Jadi tampak jelas bahwa ternyata hutan Afrika dan Amerika Latin merupakan sepupu dekat. Sementara hutan Asia dan Pasifik terbentuk dari cabang lain keluarga.<\/p>\n

Begitu pula dengan pulau besar Madagaskar dan Papua Nugini \u2013 yang sebelumnya diyakini sebagai dua wilayah besar tropis yang terpisah \u2013 ternyata saling terkait, sebagai bagian dari keluarga Indo-pasifik.<\/p>\n

\u201cJika semata melihat pada komposisi pohon Madagaskar dan Papua Nugini, hampir tidak ada irisan spesies, karena keduanya dipenuhi oleh pohon endemik yang hanya ada di sana. Tetapi, sejatinya mereka terkait erat.\u201d<\/p>\n

Para peneliti juga menemukan kaitan antara hutan subtropis di Asia Timur dan hutan di Amerika. Bagi Slik, temuan itu menunjukkan bahwa keduanya merupakan sisa-sisa hutan tropis besar yang hilang, terentang dari Amerika Utara ke Tiongkok, ketika bumi masih lebih hangat sekitar 15 juta tahun lalu.<\/p>\n

\u201cSaya senang bahwa hutan tersebut tidak sepenuhnya hilang, dan hutan ini adalah keturunannya,\u201d kata Slik.<\/p>\n\n

MASA DEPAN DI MASA LALU <\/strong><\/p>\n

Temuan ini memperkuat teori bahwa hutan tropis memiliki leluhur yang sama dari periode Cretaceous, 100 juta hingga 66 juta tahun lalu. Ketika itu dinosaurus masih menguasai bumi, dan benua selatan masih bersatu dalam benua besar, Gondwana.<\/p>\n

Ketika permukaan benua saling terpisah, hutan terisolasi. Seiring waktu, pepohonan beradaptasi pada kondisi berbeda dan berevolusi menjadi spesies baru.<\/p>\n

\u201cSaat pola cuaca global lebih kering, kita mendapati petak hutan hujan menyusut, dan spesiesnya jadi lebih mengerucut, untuk kemudian menyebar lagi,\u201d kata Terry Sunderland, salah seorang penulis laporan penelitian, Mitra Senior Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional<\/a> (CIFOR) dan Profesor di Universitas British Columbia.<\/p>\n

\u201cTerdapat bukti fosil serbuk sari untuk flora sawit yang kaya di Afrika, misalnya, meskipun ketika melalui periode yang sangat lebih kering dibanding wilayah lain, kemudian banyak yang punah.\u201d<\/p>\n

Penelitian baru ini, kata Sunderland sangat signifikan karena dapat membantu mengembangkan respons atas perubahan iklim yang sesuai spesifikasi wilayah.<\/p>\n

\u201cPertanyaan besarnya \u2018jadi mau apa?\u2019. Filogenis memberi kita bukti menarik perubahan atas waktu, dan bisa membantu kita melakukan prediksi dari perspektif taksonomi mengenai apa yang akan terjadi di masa depan.<\/p>\n

\u201cSudah jelas bahwa perubahan iklim yang terjadi saat ini lebih cepat dibanding masa lalu. Penelitian ini memberi kita informasi bagaimana hutan beradaptasi pada iklim yang selalu berubah dan bagaimana mereka bangkit. Kita perlu mengetahui hal ini, karena kita perlu bisa memanfaatkan temuan ini untuk membantu menghadapi perubahan iklim.\u201d<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Para ilmuwan melacak sejarah evolusi hutan tropis dunia, dengan hasil yang mengejutkan \u2013 dan wawasan baru yang dapat membantu menyempurnakan respon atas perubahan iklim. Bagi masyarakat umum hutan tropis di Afrika, Asia dan Amerika Latin terlihat sama. Tetumbuhan hijau lebat dari bawah sampai kanopinya. Dilihat lebih dekat, hutan ternyata berbeda. Hanya 4% spesies pohon tropis […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":55518,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1072],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[2587,2503,7606,7607,2597,3680,2822],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[545],"class_list":["post-55517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-landscapes","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-bentang-alam","tag-bahasa-cadangan-karbon","tag-bahasa-geografi","tag-bahasa-hutan-tropis","tag-bahasa-pemetaan","tag-bahasa-perubahan-iklim","tag-bahasa-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSilsilah keluarga tropis: Melacak evolusi masa lalu hutan - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/55517\/silsilah-keluarga-tropis-melacak-evolusi-masa-lalu-hutan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Silsilah keluarga tropis: Melacak evolusi masa lalu hutan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Para ilmuwan melacak sejarah evolusi hutan tropis dunia, dengan hasil yang mengejutkan \u2013 dan wawasan baru yang dapat membantu menyempurnakan respon atas perubahan iklim. 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