{"id":54590,"date":"2018-02-09T12:30:24","date_gmt":"2018-02-09T05:30:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=54590"},"modified":"2018-03-01T14:48:27","modified_gmt":"2018-03-01T07:48:27","slug":"serapan-karbon-pulau-borneo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/54590\/serapan-karbon-pulau-borneo","title":{"rendered":"Serapan karbon pulau Borneo"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Menyusutnya hutan Kalimantan dalam separuh abad terakhir sudah tak bisa disangkal. Setiap pohon yang tumbang melepas karbon ke atmosfer, mempercepat perubahan iklim.<\/p>\n<p>Namun, dalam periode waktu yang sama, penelitian terbaru menemukan, hutan yang belum tersentuh, hutan interior tua makin rimbun.<\/p>\n<p>Selama jutaan tahun, vegetasi rimbun tropis bertumbuh, berkembang dan mati di sini. Pohon menyerap dan menyimpan karbon selama tumbuh, dan melepasnya kembali ke atmosfer saat tumbang dan membusuk.<\/p>\n<p>Secara tradisional, dianggap bahwa hutan primer seperti itu harusnya telah mencapai semacam keseimbangan karbon \u2013 ketika hutan dewasa, pohon baru mengganti pohon mati pada laju yang tetap. Jumlah total material hidup di area tertentu secara garis besar akan sama dalam periode waktu tertentu.<\/p>\n<p>Hal ini tidak terjadi di Kalimantan, atau juga di hutan tropis dunia lainnya. Sebuah tim ilmuwan internasional yang dipimpin Lan Qie, dari Universitas Leeds saat itu, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01997-0#Sec6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">menganalisis <\/a>pengukuran jangka panjang petak seluas 71 hektare yang tersebar di pulau besar itu, dan menemukan bahwa selama separuh abad terakhir, tegakkan hutan Kalimantan mengalami <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01997-0#Sec6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">peningkatan <\/a>biomassa dengan laju rata-rata 430 kilogram per hektare per tahun.<\/p>\n<p>Menurut Qie, ini berarti hutan bertindak sebagai penyimpan karbon. Dan Kalimantan tidak sendiri. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa hutan tropis tak tersentuh di <a href=\"https:\/\/cbmjournal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13021-016-0069-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Amazon<\/a> and<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature07771\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"> Afrika <\/a>juga menyerap lebih banyak karbon dibanding melepaskannya.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKini kita tahu bahwa ini merupakan tren global,\u201d kata Qie. \u201cSecara umum di wilayah tropis, hutan tegak lepas dari keseimbangan.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hal ini berarti bahwa hutan primer mungkin menyimpan sebagian emisi karbon berlebih, dan membantu memitigasi efek perubahan iklim.<\/p>\n<p>Mengapa begitu? Memang masih perlu dibuktikan melalui eksperimen, katanya. Penjelasan paling logis, adalah bahwa ada penyebab global yang mendorong terjadinya pertumbuhan lebih tinggi. Hal ini mungkin terkait dengan meningkatnya level karbon dioksida di atmosfer.<\/p>\n<p>Namun itu terjadi selama hutan tua tegak. \u201cDapat dibayangkan petak hutan di permukaan lahan tertentu yang tidak bisa meluas,\u201d kata Qie.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKami menduga bahwa pertumbuhan lebih cepat saat ini akan menjaga serapan karbon jangka pendek, hingga terimbangi jumlah pohon mati, dan biomassa hutan mencapai kesimbangan baru dan lebih tinggi.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<div style=\"aspect-ratio:16\/9;min-height:unset;\" class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-parallax has-custom-content-position is-position-bottom-center has-aspect-ratio\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-54781 size-full has-parallax\" style=\"background-position:50% 50%;\n\t\t\t\tbackground-image:url(https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/35355113234_0374c3b706_k-1.jpg)\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-base-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-c7274f9a76ff948295c72066c2502b23\">Seorang pria suku Dayak Iban memancing ikan di Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan. Banyak wilayah terpencil di pulau ini hanya bisa dicapai dengan perahu. Foto CIFOR\/Lucy McHugh<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p><strong>WARISAN YANG HILANG<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Untuk <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01997-0#Sec6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">mengukur<\/a> perubahan biomassa dalam periode waktu tertentu, tim Qie menggunakan petak hutan yang dibangun pertama kali di Kalimantan sejak 1950-an, 60-an dan 70-an. Sejak 1958, ekologis perintis menandai area hutan \u2013 biasanya berukuran satu hektare \u2013 dan memeriksa kembali setiap beberapa tahun untuk mencatat ukuran, jumlah dan spesies pohon di petak tersebut.<\/p>\n<p>Qie menggali dan mengumpulkan bertahun data. Pada 2013 dan 2014 timnya dikirim ke wilayah terpencil Malaysia dan Indonesia di pulau itu untuk melacak dan mengukur ulang petak.<\/p>\n<p>Sepertinya lebih mudah diucapkan, daripada dilakukan, kata Qie.<\/p>\n<p>Pada 2013 ia mencoba merelokasi sebuah petak dari 1979, di pedalaman Taman Nasional Gunung Mulu di Sarawak. Petak ini secara konsisten dipantau selama 80-an dan 90-an, namun tidak lagi dikunjungi sejak 2000.<\/p>\n<div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Sebelum penemuan GPS, satu-satunya rujukan Qie atas petak itu adalah peta sketsa tangan.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSecara kasar, saya dapat melokalisirnya melalui Google Earth, dengan membandingkan garis punggungan bukit dan sungai, serta desa terdekat,\u201d katanya.<\/p>\n<p>Kemudian ia berkonsultasi dengan \u201cseorang paman Iban berusia 70 tahun\u201d yang membantu tim peneliti sejak masih muda pada 1970-an.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIa terlalu lemah berjalan ke dalam taman nasional, jadi hanya memberi instruksi: \u2018Kamu jalan sekitar 20 menit, kemudian di sisi kanan, kamu tembus hutan dan petaknya beberapa ratus meter dari situ.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Tim menghabiskan waktu seharian mencari petak itu. \u201cKita kehabisan air dan dehidrasi \u2013 hutan ini padat, rendah, sesak dengan kelembapan tinggi dan tingkat oksigen rendah \u2013 hingga nyaris menyerah.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Akhirnya, salah seorang asisten Qie menemukan penanda alumunium kecil menyembul dari pohon dalam jarak 10 meter. \u201cDia pahlawanku! Menakjubkan untuk bisa menemukannya dalam keremangan kanopi.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Kini, petak itu, dan petak-petak lainnya telah ditandai GPS. Datanya disimpan secara<a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestplots.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"> online<\/a> untuk dapat digunakan peneliti lain.<\/p>\n<div style=\"aspect-ratio:16\/9;min-height:unset;\" class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-parallax has-custom-content-position is-position-bottom-center has-aspect-ratio\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-54783 size-full has-parallax\" style=\"background-position:50% 50%;\n\t\t\t\tbackground-image:url(https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/36708356395_ba196ec4d5_k-1.jpg)\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-base-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-c7274f9a76ff948295c72066c2502b23\">Lahan kering di perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kalimantan. Foto CIFOR \/Ryan Woo<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p><strong>KERING DAN TERANCAM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Meski <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01997-0#Sec6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">penelitian<\/a> menemukan bahwa hutan Kalimantan bertindak sebagai penyerap karbon, para peneliti juga menyebut dua pola, serapan ini bisa berbalik.<\/p>\n<p>Kekeringan ekstrem yang mematikan sejumlah besar pohon dapat mengubah serapan menjadi sumber karbon. <u>Penelitian<\/u> menemukan, selama kekeringan 1997-1998 (dipengaruhi pola iklim El Ni\u00f1o), hutan Kalimantan sejenak menjadi pengemisi bersih karbon. Dalam satu dekade, hutan pulih, dan kembali menyimpan karbon sebanyak sebelum kekeringan.<\/p>\n<p>Ancaman terhadap fungsi serapan hutan Kalimantan ini terus terjadi.<u> <\/u>Penelitian menemukan, bentang hutan yang berbatasan \u2013 dekat dengan aktivitas manusia \u2013 cenderung lebih mengemisi daripada menyimpan karbon.<\/p>\n<p>Qie menyatakan, hal ini terjadi karena pohon di batas hutan sangat cenderung mati \u2013 akibat penebangan atau sebab lain \u2013 dan cenderung digantikan oleh spesies yang memiliki kepadatan kayu dan simpanan karbon lebih rendah.<\/p>\n<p>Batas ini terus meluas. Selama empat dekade terakhir, hutan luas Kalimantan yang sebelumnya tak tersentuh mulai terfragmentasi. Pada 1973, 76 persen pulau masih berhutan. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/6552\/what-a-difference-4-decades-make-deforestation-in-borneo-since-1973\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pada 2016, angka itu melorot menjadi 50 persen<\/a>, setelah hampir 20 juta hektare hutan tua hancur akibat kebakaran dan ekspansi pertanian.<\/p>\n<div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Qie dan para mitra <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01997-0#Sec6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">penelitian<\/a> menekankan perlunya menghentikan fragmentasi, kata David Gaveau, yang mengembangkan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/map\/atlas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">peta interaktif <\/a>yang menunjukkan lingkup dan lokasi deforestasi di Kalimantan dan apa penyebabnya.<\/p>\n<p>Sebuah <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/52817\/new-map-helps-track-palm-oil-supply-chains-in-borneo?fnl=en\">peta versi terbaru<\/a> yang diluncurkan November lalu, memungkinkan pengguna untuk mengeksplorasi data tambahan mengenai lokasi dan kepemilikan pabrik pengolahan minyak sawit. Fitur ini membantu untuk lebih mendapatkan gambaran dampak industri terhadap hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Mantan Ilmuwan Utama CIFOR Terry Sunderland (kini di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ubc.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">University of British Columbia<\/a>) yang menampung Qie di Bogor, Indonesia selama penelitian lapangan dan menjadi anggota penulis <u>penelitian<\/u>, mengakui karya Qie<br \/>\n\u201cmenjadi fondasi sangat penting penelitian di masa depan.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKeunggulan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01997-0#Sec6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">penelitian<\/a> ini, sangat sedikit penelitian di Asia mengenai hutan sebagai serapan karbon, tidak seperti di Amerika Latin dan Afrika. Padahal ada perbedaan ekologi dan biogeografi yang sangat besar dalam tipe hutannya, meski dampak gangguannya serupa,\u201d kata Sunderland.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFragmentasi dan efek iklim dapat mengganggu kemampuan hutan bertindak sebagai serapan karbon \u2013 dan malahan mempercepat proses itu.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHutan Kalimantan telah dikenal sangat kaya jenis spesies per hectare \u2013 kini kita juga tahu mengenai nilai karbonnya juga.\u201d<\/p>\n\n<p><em>Di Bogor, penelitian Lan Qie didukung oleh peruntukan keragaman hayati USAID. Jaringan peneliti pemantauan hutan internasional yang berkontribusi pada penelitian ini dibangun dengan dukungan dari hibah European Research Council untuk Professor Oliver Phillips dan Professor Simon Lewis, keduanya dari Universitas Leeds. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Menyusutnya hutan Kalimantan dalam separuh abad terakhir sudah tak bisa disangkal. Setiap pohon yang tumbang melepas karbon ke atmosfer, mempercepat perubahan iklim. Namun, dalam periode waktu yang sama, penelitian terbaru menemukan, hutan yang belum tersentuh, hutan interior tua makin rimbun. Selama jutaan tahun, vegetasi rimbun tropis bertumbuh, berkembang dan mati di sini. Pohon menyerap dan [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":54782,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12251],"tag-bahasa":[7518,6961,6910,2503,2537,2539,2567,7519,2634,2696,2726,7515,2502,3680,7517,7516],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[545],"class_list":["post-54590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-asia-pacific","tag-bahasa-biomasa","tag-bahasa-biomassa-hutan","tag-bahasa-borneo","tag-bahasa-cadangan-karbon","tag-bahasa-el-nino","tag-bahasa-emisi","tag-bahasa-gas-rumah-kaca","tag-bahasa-google-earth","tag-bahasa-hutan-primer","tag-bahasa-kalimantan","tag-bahasa-malaysia","tag-bahasa-penggunaan-lahan","tag-bahasa-penyerapan-karbon","tag-bahasa-perubahan-iklim","tag-bahasa-sarawak","tag-bahasa-taman-nasional-gunung-mulu","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Serapan karbon pulau Borneo - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/54590\/serapan-karbon-pulau-borneo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Serapan karbon pulau Borneo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Menyusutnya hutan Kalimantan dalam separuh abad terakhir sudah tak bisa disangkal. Setiap pohon yang tumbang melepas karbon ke atmosfer, mempercepat perubahan iklim. Namun, dalam periode waktu yang sama, penelitian terbaru menemukan, hutan yang belum tersentuh, hutan interior tua makin rimbun. Selama jutaan tahun, vegetasi rimbun tropis bertumbuh, berkembang dan mati di sini. 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