{"id":535,"date":"2001-07-09T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2001-07-09T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=535"},"modified":"2015-10-07T16:22:29","modified_gmt":"2015-10-07T09:22:29","slug":"apakah-brazil-masih-bisa-membuka-lahan-pertanian-di-kawasan-humid-amazon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/535\/apakah-brazil-masih-bisa-membuka-lahan-pertanian-di-kawasan-humid-amazon","title":{"rendered":"Apakah Brazil masih bisa membuka lahan pertanian di kawasan Humid Amazon?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tidak seperti apa yang ditulis oleh Bob Schneider ekonom Bank Dunia dan empat orang rekannya dari IMAZON (LSM Brazil), dalam &#8220;Sustainable Amazon: Limitations and Opportunities for Rural Development&#8221;. Mereka menyatakan bahwa pertanian bukanlah pilihan jangka panjang yang cocok bagi lebih dari 45% penduduk Brazil di daerah Amazon dengan curah hujan lebih dari 2,200 mm per tahun. Kawasan ini banyak diserang oleh hama, penyakit, dan gulma, serta potensi hasil tanaman tahunan yang rendah dan biaya transportasi yang tinggi. Ini merupakan salah satu alasan mengapa petani hanya membuka 3% daerah humid Amazon untuk pertanian ataupun peternakan, dibanding 38% kawasan yang lebih kering. Hal ini juga mendukung alasan mengapa pemilik lahan meninggalkan seperlima dari lahan pertaniannya yang berada di daerah dengan curah hujan yang lebih tinggi, namun hanya seperduabelas saja dari lahan pertanian di kawasan yang lebih kering.<\/p>\n<p>Meskipun demikian, jika pemerintah tidak melakukan intervensi, penebangan tidak mengindahkan prinsip kelestarian dan penggembalaan ternak yang ekstensif akan bergerak mencapai kawasan humid dan menghancurkan hutan. Sekali saja penebang merusak suatu kawasan hutan, maka mereka akan bergerak ke lahan hutan lainnya. Peternakan yang besar dan luas dengan sedikit tenaga kerja merupakan pemandangan yang umum ditinggalkan oleh penebang setelah melakukan kegiatannya. Hal ini menyebabkan terjadinya siklus &#8220;boom and bust&#8221; atau &#8220;naik dan turun&#8221; secara mendadak. Penduduk bisa memperoleh uang dalam waktu yang singkat. Setelah itu kondisi ekonomi akan runtuh. Saat ini, penebangan dan pengolahan kayu di Amazon menghasilkan pendapatan kotor per tahun sebesar 2.5 milyar USD dan menyediakan 500.000 pekerjaan. Jika tidak terjadi perubahan dalam waktu dekat maka semuanya akan tinggal sejarah.<\/p>\n<p>Pada kawasan yang lebih kering, hasil pertanian yang meningkat kadang dapat menggantikan beberapa pekerjaan yang hilang pada saat kayu tidak tersedia lagi di lapangan. Hal ini tidak terjadi pada lokasi yang lebih basah. Sehingga, seperti contohnya, kurang lebih pada dekade yang lalu, Sinop, kawasan perkotaan di Mato Grosso yang relatif kering telah kehilangan \u00be dari 400 pabrik penggergajiaan kayunya (sawmills) pada saat pengusahaan kayu sedang pada puncaknya. Untungnya, bagaimanapun juga, banyak pekerja yang kehilangan pekerjaannya kembali mendapatkannya di sektor pertanian. Peralihan ini terasa berat bagi daerah perkotaan yang lebih basah yaitu di Paragominas di Para yang saat ini mengolah kayu 30% kurang dari apa yang mereka peroleh 5 tahun yang lalu.<\/p>\n<p>Untuk menghindari fenomena &#8220;naik dan turun&#8221; ini, Schneider dan rekan-rekannya mengatakan bahwa pemerintah harus menciptakan banyak kawasan hutan negara sehingga perusahaan yang sudah memperoleh sertifikat dapat memanen kayu secara lestari. Sampai saat ini, pemerintah Brazil hanya menetapkan 1.6% kawasan Amazon sebagai hutan negara. Di dalam tulisannya disarankan untuk meningkatkannya menjadi 14%. Setidaknya hal ini sejalan dengan Program Hutan Nasional Brazil untuk mencapai target 10% luasan hutannya sebagai kawasan hutan negara, selain dari 28% kawasan Amazon yang diperuntukkan bagi teritori asli dan kawasan perlindungan. Penulis juga mendukung dikenakannya pajak yang lebih tinggi bagi penebangan yang dilakukan secara tidak lestari, pembayaran layanan lingkungan sebagai pengganti pemanfaaatan hutan, memperbaiki penegakan hukum dibidang kehutanan, dan insentif bagi pengelolaan hutan di lahan milik pribadi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Salinan artikel dapat diperoleh secara cuma-cuma dalam bentuk pdf.file dalam bahasa Inggris dan Portugis, atau jika Anda ingin memberikan saran dan tanggapan kepada penulis, silahkan menghubungi Paulo Barreto di: mailto:barretopaul@uol.com.br atau mailto:pbarreto@imazon.org.br<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":35311,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12231],"tag-bahasa":[2688,2697,2522,2589,2564,2480,2506],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[4903],"class_list":["post-535","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-brazil","tag-bahasa-amazon","tag-bahasa-brasil","tag-bahasa-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-mata-pencaharian","tag-bahasa-pemerintahan","tag-bahasa-pertanian","tag-bahasa-ternak","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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