{"id":52596,"date":"2017-11-15T13:30:26","date_gmt":"2017-11-15T06:30:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=52596"},"modified":"2017-11-15T13:30:26","modified_gmt":"2017-11-15T06:30:26","slug":"laporan-khusus-cop23-bagaimana-lahan-dan-hutan-membantu-mencapai-tujuan-iklim-global","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/52596\/laporan-khusus-cop23-bagaimana-lahan-dan-hutan-membantu-mencapai-tujuan-iklim-global","title":{"rendered":"Laporan Khusus COP23: Bagaimana lahan dan hutan membantu mencapai tujuan iklim global"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"background: white; margin: 11.25pt 0cm 15.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #333333;\">Kekuatan kemauan politik akan mampu mewujudkan target besar restorasi hutan\u2014komitmen dan kerjasama yang dicapai saat inisiasi <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/sp\/targets\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span style=\"color: #24a2b8;\">Target Aichi Targets<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #333333;\">, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bonnchallenge.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span style=\"color: #24a2b8;\">Tantangan Bonn<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #333333;\"> dan <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/forestdeclaration.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span style=\"color: #24a2b8;\">Deklarasi Hutan York<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #333333;\"> adalah contohnya. Inisiatif regional seperti <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.afr100.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span style=\"color: #24a2b8;\">AFR100<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #333333;\"> di Afrika atau <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wri.org\/our-work\/project\/initiative-20x20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span style=\"color: #24a2b8;\">Inisiatif 20\u00d720<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #333333;\"> di Amerika Latin juga berupaya mewujudkan bentang alam fungsional pada 2020, menjangkau 350 juta hektar lahan global pada 2030 sebagai tujuan akhir Tantangan Bonn.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p style=\"background: white; margin: 11.25pt 0cm 15.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #333333;\">Angkanya mungkin besar, tetapi implikasinya bagi potensi global mitigasi perubahan iklim belum jelas. Di atas semua itu, berbagai upaya tersebut bergantung pada beragamnya strategi restoratif, alasan dan waktu implementasinya.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"background: white; margin: 11.25pt 0cm 15.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #333333;\">Banyak inisiatif restorasi cenderung terfokus semata pada area atau proyek terbatas. Padahal pendekatan komprehensif lebih baik diimplementasikan untuk restorasi bentang alam. Pendekatan ini meliputi tujuan lebih luas, membenahi produktivitas pertanian, meningkatkan kualitas tanah, mengurangi erosi, menyempurnakan efisiensi praktik peternakan, mendorong konservasi keragaman hayati, meningkatkan kualitas dan manajemen air, membuka peluang pendapatan dan pilihan pencaharian, sejalan dengan tujuan mitigasi perubahan iklim. Penyusunan prioritas berbagai pilihan dilakukan berdasarkan beragam kriteria, selain juga upaya identifikasi kebijakan dan lingkup kelembagaan, memerlukan investigasi. Hal ini perlu dilakukan dalam rangka merancang dan mengimplementasikan proyek restorasi bentang alam hutan yang efektif, berkeadilan dan ramah lingkungan.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_box related_promo_cifor-cop23'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_fullwidth'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='bg_sevent_box'><img src='https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/350-cifor-at-cop23-blog-fullwidth-banner.png'><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_left'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_right'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_right_text'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_right_text_heading'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\r\n<a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/cifor-at-cop-23\/?utm_source=Forests+News&amp;utm_medium=Widget+single+button&amp;utm_campaign=COP+23\" target=\"_blank\">\r\n<span class=\"sevent_sub_heading\">This topic was featured by<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"sevent_main_heading\">CIFOR at COP23<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"sevent_sub_desc\">6-17 November 2017, Bonn, Germany<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"sevent_view_link\">See event details here <\/span>\r\n<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class='clear clearfix'><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class='clear clearfix'><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='clear clearfix'><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .bg_sevent_box {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tposition: absolute;\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttop: 0;\n\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 230px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tleft: -315px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\toverflow: hidden;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .bg_sevent_box img{ height:100%; }\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent {\n\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmargin: 0 auto;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_main_heading{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 24px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-family: \"PT Serif\", serif;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tline-height: 30px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 a .sevent_main_heading{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor:#444;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_view_link{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmargin: 0px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_aprs_logo{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 16px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_sub_heading{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 18px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-family: roboto;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-weight: normal;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #a4a4a4;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding-top:10px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_sub_desc{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 15px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-family: roboto;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-weight: normal;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #a4a4a4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_left{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding-top: 35px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding-left: 35px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_right{\n\t\t\t\t\t\twidth:80%;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding:20px 25px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_fullwidth{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-left: 600rem solid #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-right: 600rem solid #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding:0px 0px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\toverflow: hidden;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .bg_sevent_box {\r\n    height: 175px;\r\n    left: -210px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t@media all and (max-width: 767px){\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_fullwidth{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-left: 0rem solid #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-right: 0rem solid #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_right {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.sevent_main_heading br{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay:none;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_cifor-cop23 .sevent_aprs_logo img{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmax-width:100%;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t<\/style>\n<p>Dalam mitigasi perubahan iklim, restorasi bentang alam hutan juga menjadi salah satu potensi alternatif manajemen, yang memiliki potensi serapan karbon sangat besar. Melindungi hutan yang ada, sekaligus melakukan upaya restorasi, akan menjaga reservoir karbon atas dan bawah permukaan yang besar dan bertumbuh, sambil terus menyerap karbon atmosfer.<\/p>\n<p>Banyak negara memprioritaskan restorasi bentang alam hutan melalui Tantangan Bonn dan terkait komitmen kontribusi nasional (NDC) sesuai <a href=\"http:\/\/unfccc.int\/paris_agreement\/items\/9485.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Perjanjian Paris<\/a>, dengan tujuan menjaga pemanasan global di bawah 2\u00b0C atau bahkan 1,5\u00b0C. Konservasi hutan dan ekspansi hutan (alami atau dibantu) dipandang sebagai mekanisme rendah-biaya untuk sekuestrasi karbon, khususnya di wilayah tropis. Walaupun, estimasi terbaru potensi serapan karbon di wilayah tropis tidak pasti (sekitar 3-5 petagram karbon untuk 2014-2050), ditambah belum jelasnya pengaturan kelembagan, politik dan sosial yang mampu mendorong efektivitas restorasi.<\/p>\n<p>Agenda restorasi global mendapatkan momentum dari membaiknya data potensi restorasi hutan dalam mencapai tujuan sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan. Data ini harus sampai ke tangan para pengambil kebijakan dan praktisi untuk digunakan sebagai landasan pengambilan keputusan yang efektif dan efisien. Terdapat pula kebutuhan untuk secara sistematis mengidentifikasi kesenjangan pengetahuan dalam penyusunan prioritas penelitian baru.<\/p>\n<p>Salah satu penelitian yang tengah dilakukan oleh konsorsium yang melibatkan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional<\/a> (CIFOR), Pusat Penelitian Pertanian Tropis (International Center for Tropical Agriculture\/CIAT) dan Wageningen University &amp; Research di Amerika Tengah dan Selatan, mencoba menyediakan informasi ini melalui empat topik penelitian.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p><strong>1. Identifikasi dimensi sektoral, kelembagaan dan kebijakan yang menghambat restorasi<\/strong>: Restorasi memerlukan kondisi finansial dan kelembagaan yang tepat. Meningkatnya minat memperluas restorasi di tingkat negara menuntut adanya kerangka kebijakan yang terkoordinasi dan berubah secara bertahap. Namun, seringkali rencana dan strategi restorasi nasional tidak terbangun dengan visi lintas-sektor dan holistik.<\/p>\n<p>Evaluasi rinci kerangka legal dan kebijakan yang menghambat atau mendukung restorasi bentang alam hutan di tingkat negara dan regional diperlukan untuk efektivitas implementasinya. Analisis komparatif kerangka legal dan kebijakan, rencana nasional dan instrumen terkait restorasi dan reforestasi, termasuk regenerasi alami sebagai potensi pendekatan yang efektif tengah dilakukan.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Memahami lingkup aktivitas restorasi yang sedang dan akan berlangsung<\/strong>: Salah satu tujuan penting adalah memahami faktor pendorong keberhasilan restorasi, dari segi lingkungan maupun sosial dalam inisiatif dan proyek subnasional. Upaya tengah dilakukan untuk mencatat dan memetakan usulan inisiatif restorasi di Amerika Latin. Peta dan basis data yang dihasilkan dapat menjadi dasar analisis potensi pembenahan lingkungan, dengan melakukan tumpang susun berbagai inisiatif dan proyek dengan area lahan degradasi, deforestasi dan biomassa. Data sosial yang ada juga dapat digunakan untuk menilai potensi dampak sosial.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Menyusun skenario restorasi untuk meningkatkan efektivitas serapan karbon<\/strong>: Sedang dilakukan penelitian potensi serapan karbon dari restorasi bentang alam hutan dengan mendalami: (i) regenerasi alami, atau restorasi pasif; (ii) regenerasi yang dibantu penanaman pohon produksi dan\/atau pohon konservasi; serta (iii) restorasi ekosistem padat-karbon, seperti lahan basah dan lahan gambut.<\/p>\n<p>Penelitian ini akan mendorong tersusunnya peta kesesuaian dan penilaian kuantitatif potensi biofisik serapan, dengan mempertimbangkan perbedaan zonasi iklim (mis. lembap vs kering) serta ancaman kunci terhadap performa hutan (mis. penggembalaan dan kebakaran) untuk 2030. Peta ini akan digabungkan dengan informasi inisiatif restorasi untuk menetapkan potensi serapan pada 2030.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. Mengidentifikasi alat yang efektif untuk pengambilan keputusan dan pendekatan restorasi bentang alam hutan<\/strong>: Kita belum cukup jelas memahami bagaimana restorasi bentang alam hutan meningkatkan \u2018fungsionalitas\u2019 ekosistem dan bentang alam, serta bagaimana peningkatannya memberi manfaat bagi para pemangku kepentingan berbeda. Perubahan ekosistem terestorasi bergantung pada banyak faktor, termasuk tipe pemanfaatan lahan sebelumnya, tingkat degradasi, dan pendekatan dalam restorasinya. Barang dan jasa ekosistem yang dihasilkan melalui tahapan berbeda restorasi hutan juga memiliki dampak berlainan pada para pemangku kepentingan. Kajian global yang menyoroti pemilihan prioritas dan alat pengambilan keputusan dilakukan yang ada dalam perencanaan pemanfaatan lahan dilakukan untuk menyusun kerangka untuk adaptasi temuan pada pendekatan restorasi bentang alam.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Kajian analitis ini akan menginformasi pengembang proyek, praktisi dan pengambil keputusan, mengenai bagaimana merancang program yang efektif untuk memberi kompensasi dan insentif pada petani, pemilik lahan atau dalam yurisdiksi keterlibatan mereka dalam aktivitas yang mampu memberi beragam manfaat (monetisasi dan non-monetisasi) pada skala waktu dan ruang berbeda.<\/p>\n<p>Penelitian terus bergerak maju. CIFOR dan para mitranya segera akan menerbitkan sintesis yang merangkum pembelajaran yang didapat, serta menawarkan langkah maju dalam meneliti dan menyusun kebijakan restorasi hutan yang berpeluang besar untuk berhasil dalam konteks sosio ekologi, legal dan kerangka tata kelola tertentu, serta tujuan restorasi spesifiknya. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi panduan bagi pelaksana proyek restorasi untuk mengoptimalkan pertukaran (trade-off) dan mengatasi potensi konflik kepentingan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kekuatan kemauan politik akan mampu mewujudkan target besar restorasi hutan\u2014komitmen dan kerjasama yang dicapai saat inisiasi Target Aichi Targets, Tantangan Bonn dan Deklarasi Hutan York adalah contohnya. Inisiatif regional seperti AFR100 di Afrika atau Inisiatif 20\u00d720 di Amerika Latin juga berupaya mewujudkan bentang alam fungsional pada 2020, menjangkau 350 juta hektar lahan global pada 2030 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":52606,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[7329,7331,6970,7327,6368,2647,7332,7328,7072,7330],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[198,7288,1299],"class_list":["post-52596","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-deklarasi-hutan-york","tag-bahasa-inisiatif-20x20","tag-bahasa-karbon","tag-bahasa-mitigasi-perubahan-iklim","tag-bahasa-perjanjian-paris","tag-bahasa-restorasi","tag-bahasa-restorasi-bentang-alam","tag-bahasa-restorasi-hutan","tag-bahasa-tantangan-bonn","tag-bahasa-target-aichi-targets","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Laporan Khusus COP23: Bagaimana lahan dan hutan membantu mencapai tujuan iklim global - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/52596\/laporan-khusus-cop23-bagaimana-lahan-dan-hutan-membantu-mencapai-tujuan-iklim-global\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Laporan Khusus COP23: Bagaimana lahan dan hutan membantu mencapai tujuan iklim global\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kekuatan kemauan politik akan mampu mewujudkan target besar restorasi hutan\u2014komitmen dan kerjasama yang dicapai saat inisiasi Target Aichi Targets, Tantangan Bonn dan Deklarasi Hutan York adalah contohnya. Inisiatif regional seperti AFR100 di Afrika atau Inisiatif 20\u00d720 di Amerika Latin juga berupaya mewujudkan bentang alam fungsional pada 2020, menjangkau 350 juta hektar lahan global pada 2030 [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/52596\/laporan-khusus-cop23-bagaimana-lahan-dan-hutan-membantu-mencapai-tujuan-iklim-global\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-11-15T06:30:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/36179779574_197b807d09_k.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1365\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Forests News staff\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@manuelguarigua1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/52596\\\/laporan-khusus-cop23-bagaimana-lahan-dan-hutan-membantu-mencapai-tujuan-iklim-global#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/52596\\\/laporan-khusus-cop23-bagaimana-lahan-dan-hutan-membantu-mencapai-tujuan-iklim-global\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Manuel R. 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