{"id":524,"date":"2001-02-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2001-02-16T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=524"},"modified":"2015-10-07T16:28:44","modified_gmt":"2015-10-07T09:28:44","slug":"membayar-demi-konservasi-sumber-sumber-alam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/524\/membayar-demi-konservasi-sumber-sumber-alam","title":{"rendered":"Membayar demi konservasi sumber-sumber alam"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Seseorang harus membayar demi konservasi hutan. Yang patut untuk melakukan hal ini antara lain para wajib pajak, dermawan, penghasil polutan, turis dan konsumer. Tulisan dengan judul \u201cMembiayai Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati\u201d atau \u2019Financing Biodiversity Conservation\u2019, yang disiapkan untuk the Inter-American Development Bank oleh Ricardo Bayon, Steve Lovink, dan Wouter Veening, menyajikan keadaan yang berlangsung saat ini, dengan contoh situasi yang terjadi di Amerika Latin.<\/p>\n<p>Sumbangan bilateral dan hibah bantuan teknis dari bank multilateral dan wajib pajak negara-negara Utara membiayai sebagian besar upaya konservasi melalui the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). Kebanyakan negara Amerika Latin mendirikan Dana Lingkungan Nasional (National Environmental Funds) untuk menyalurkan sebagian dari sumbangan yang diberikan tersebut.<\/p>\n<p>Penghapusan hutang (Debt for Nature swap) yang pertama kali terjadi pada tahun 1987. Sejak itu, mekanisme ini telah menyediakan sebanyak satu juta dollar Amerika untuk proyek konservasi. Di awal tahun 1990, LSM lingkungan internasional melakukan banyak negosiasi penghapusan hutang dengan cara ini. Saat ini hanya tinggal sedikit sekali kesempatan bagi LSM untuk membeli hutang negara dengan potongan harga serta pengaruh yang dapat mendukung konservasi. Gagasan bilateral seperti program pemerintah Amerika Serikat yaitu \u2019Enterprise for the Americas\u2019 dan \u2019Tropical Forest Conservation Act\u2019 saat ini lebih penting. Melalui program ini pemerintah Amerika dapat menolong negara berkembang dengan jalan mengembalikan hutangnya dalam bentuk investasi konservasi hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Sumbangan sukarela oleh yayasan dan penduduk secara individu masih tetap merupakan sumber utama dana. Pada tahun 1993, kelompok-kelompok di Amerika Serikat menyumbangkan dana sejumlah 3.2 miliar dollar Amerika untuk permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan dan hidupan liar. Negara-negara berkembang mendapatkan sebagian dari dana tersebut.<\/p>\n<p>Terbukti bahwa pemerintah di negara-negara berkembang malas mengambil dana pinjaman untuk upaya konservasi atau membiayainya dari pendapatan pajak umum. Namun, Brazil mengajukan pinjaman untuk pembiayaan lingkungan dan Equador menggunakan prosedur privatisasi perusahaan negara untuk hal yang sama.<\/p>\n<p>Sebagai tambahan, negara berkembang mulai menggunakan pajak, denda, dan bea yang dikumpulkan dari para penghasil polutan, penebang, pengguna air, dan turis untuk mendanai konservasi. Undang-undang Kejahatan Lingkungan (Environmental Crimes Law) yang baru yang dikeluarkan oleh negara Brazil menetapkan sebagian dari denda yang berhasil dikumpulkan untuk diberikan kepada dana lingkungan nasional.<\/p>\n<p>Pajak khusus bahan bakar membiayai sebagian dari program pelayanan lingkungan di Costa Rica dan setiap turis asing yang mengunjungi Belize harus membayar pajak yang dikenakan untuk Perserikatan Konservasi Kawasan Perlindungan di negara tersebut. Sementara kelompok-kelompok pada konvensi perubahan iklim memberikan kesempatan pada perusahaan yang melepaskan karbon ke atmosfer untuk menggantikan emisi tersebut dengan cara membayar kegiatan konservasi hutan alam yang dapat menghasilkan sejumlah uang untuk program konservasi.<\/p>\n<p>Pemerintah mendukung investasi swasta di bidang ekoturisme, produk kayu bersertifikat, pemanenan dan penjualan hasil hutan bukan kayu, dan pertanian organik. Bank of the Amazon di Brazil mendirikan jalur kredit untuk hasil hutan bukan kayu dan bisnis yang berkepentingan dengan kelestarian lingkungan dan konservasi. Pemerintah Belanda tidak mengenakan pajak pendapatan dan deviden yang dikumpulkan oleh \u201c Dana Hijau \u201c (Green Funds) yang diinvestasikan untuk kegiatan ramah lingkungan. Jaminan pinjaman pemerintah dan proyek yang menyediakan modal ventura dan pelatihan dapat merangsang penanaman modal pada bisnis yang berkaitan dengan keanekaragaman hayati.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anda dapat memperoleh copy dalam file Word (Inggris atau Spanyol) melalui Ligia Espinosa di: ligiaes@iadb.org<\/p>\n<p>Hard copy dapat diperoleh melalui Maria di: mariak@iadb.org<\/p>\n<p>Komentar dan tanggapan dapat dikirimkan kepada Steven Lovink di jsl@trans-global.com dan kepada  Wouter Veening di mail@nciucn.nl<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":35311,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12237],"tag-bahasa":[2725,2580,2489,2547,2520,2564],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[4903],"class_list":["post-524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-latin-america","tag-bahasa-amerika-latin","tag-bahasa-investasi","tag-bahasa-keanekaragaman-hayati","tag-bahasa-keuangan","tag-bahasa-konservasi","tag-bahasa-pemerintahan","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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