{"id":50013,"date":"2017-06-05T11:00:54","date_gmt":"2017-06-05T04:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=50013"},"modified":"2018-02-07T14:59:47","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T07:59:47","slug":"manusia-dan-gambut","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/50013\/manusia-dan-gambut","title":{"rendered":"Manusia dan gambut"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Jauh di dalam hutan di Kalimantan Tengah, suara dayung menembus air berbaur dengan cericit nyanyian burung. Dinaungi kerimbunan vegetasi di kedua sisinya, Adam mengarahkan sampan melewati sungai gambut. Cahaya mulai menembus dedaunan. Hari menangkap ikan dimulai.<\/p>\n<p>Adam menangkap hingga sepuluh kilo patin, gurame dan ikan lele besar dalam sehari, dan mendapat penghasilan kotor Rp 50 ribu (4 USD). Keluarganya telah tinggal di desa Parupuk selama selama satu dekade. Sebagai penangkap ikan, mereka berhubungan erat dengan gambut dan air yang menggenangi.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cJika tidak ada danau seperti ini, kami dalam masalah. Kami tidak bisa makan,\u201d katanya.<\/p>\n<p>Praktik pengeringan, penebangan dan pembakaran lahan gambut \u2013 untuk perkebunan seperti sawit dan kayu kertas \u2013 di bagian Indonesia ini membuat kehidupan Adam terancam. Ketika gambut sirna, begitu pula air penyangga alami serta penghuninya.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLahan gambut di sebelah sana sudah tidak berair,\u201d kata Adam, menunjukkan jarinya ke arah horison.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_box related_promo_glf_peatland17'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_fullwidth'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='bg_sevent_box'><img src='https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/10-04-17-peatlands-blog-3.png'><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_left'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_right'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_right_text'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='sevent_right_text_heading'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.landscapes.org\/peatlands\/?utm_source=Forests+News&amp;utm_medium=Widget+single+button&amp;utm_campaign=CIFOR+event\" target=\"_blank\">\r\n<span class=\"sevent_sub_heading\">This topic was featured at the<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"sevent_main_heading\">Global Landscapes Forum:<br> Peatlands Matter<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"sevent_sub_desc\">18 May 2017, Jakarta<\/span>\r\n<span class=\"sevent_view_link\">See event details here <\/span>\r\n<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class='clear clearfix'><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class='clear clearfix'><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='clear clearfix'><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .bg_sevent_box {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tposition: absolute;\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttop: 0;\n\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 230px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tleft: -315px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\toverflow: hidden;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .bg_sevent_box img{ height:100%; }\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent {\n\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmargin: 0 auto;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_main_heading{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 24px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-family: \"PT Serif\", serif;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tline-height: 30px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 a .sevent_main_heading{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor:#444;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_view_link{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmargin: 0px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_aprs_logo{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 16px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_sub_heading{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 18px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-family: roboto;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-weight: normal;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #a4a4a4;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding-top:10px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_sub_desc{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 15px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-family: roboto;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-weight: normal;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #a4a4a4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_left{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding-top: 35px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding-left: 35px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_right{\n\t\t\t\t\t\twidth:80%;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding:20px 25px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_fullwidth{\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-left: 600rem solid #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-right: 600rem solid #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpadding:0px 0px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\toverflow: hidden;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .bg_sevent_box {\r\n    height: 210px;\r\n    left: -260px\r\n}\n\t\t\t\t\t@media all and (max-width: 767px){\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_fullwidth{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-left: 0rem solid #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-right: 0rem solid #eaeaea;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_right {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.sevent_main_heading br{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay:none;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.related_promo_glf_peatland17 .sevent_aprs_logo img{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmax-width:100%;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t<\/style>\n<p><strong>STRATEGI ANTISIPASI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Teknik yang disebut <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/36963\/mencegah-kebakaran-dan-kabut-asap-solusi-lestari-bagi-lahan-gambut-indonesia?fnl=id\">tebang dan bakar<\/a> \u2013 dirancang untuk membersihkan lahan, membunuh hama, dan menyuburkan lahan dengan abu \u2013 seringkali meluas menjadi kebakaran hutan. Api di lahan gambut bisa membara beberapa pekan, yang sangat rentan terbakar pada kondisi kering dan terdegradasi.<\/p>\n<p>Asap dan api menimbulkan dampak merusak bagi kesehatan manusia, binatang dan tanaman terlindung, serta lingkungan hidup. Kebakaran di Indonesia pada September dan Oktober 2015 melepaskan karbon per hari yang lebih tinggi dibanding rata-rata harian emisi karbon seluruh <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/42091\/dari-darat-dan-angkasa-memahami-dampak-kebakaran-hutan?fnl=id\">Uni Eropa<\/a> pada periode yang sama.<\/p>\n<p>Sebagai respon, Pemerintah Indonesia melakukan serangkaian tindakan untuk menghentikan kebakaran. Praktik tebang dan bakar kini <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-35770490\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">illegal<\/a>, dan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/news\/asiapacific\/indonesia-expands-protection-for-peatlands-climate-7647362\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">larangan<\/a> konversi lahan gambut menjadi perkebunan diperluas dan diperkuat dalam peraturan.<\/p>\n<p>Pemerintah juga <a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/asia\/21710844-weather-helping-little-despite-tough-talk-indonesias-government-struggling-stem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">meratifikasi Perjanjian Paris mengenai perubahan iklim<\/a>, dengan komitmen memotong emisi gas rumah kaca sebesar 29 persen pada 2030, dan juga membentuk <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/47090\/nazir-foead-kata-kunci-adalah-bekerja-sama?fnl=id\">Badan Restorasi Gambut<\/a> yang ditargetkan merestorasi <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/49587\/memangkas-lidah-api?fnl=id\">2,4 juta hektare lahan gambut<\/a> di tujuh provinsi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SULIT MENJAGA KESEIMBANGAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Meski banyak yang memuji pelarangan (yang jika diterapkan, seharusnya bisa membantu penghidupan keseharian penangkap ikan seperti Adam), konsekuensinya bagi petani skala kecil tidak sama.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Otoritas menghadapi potensi dilema. Dapatkah kebijakan untuk melindungi lingkungan menimbulkan efek merugikan pada penghidupan masyarakat lokal?<\/p>\n<p>Alin telah sukses bertani padi di desa Kampung Melayu, Kalimantan selama lima tahun. Tiap tahun, ia membersihkan padinya dengan cara dibakar. Abunya jadi penyubur tanah untuk musim tanam berikutnya.<\/p>\n<p>Namun pada 2017, segalanya berubah.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUntuk pertama kalinya panen gagal, karena saya tidak lagi boleh membakar lahan,\u201d katanya.<\/p>\n<p>Alin khawatir konsekuensi jangka panjang bagi keluarganya. \u201cJika terus seperti ini, kami menderita karena hama \u2013 seperti tikus, kutu beras, burung, semut dan ulat \u2013 tidak mati. Semuanya menyebabkan gagal panen.<\/p>\n<p>Dan bukan hanya gagal panen yang menambah kekhawatiran keuangan Alin.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSebelumnya, ketika kami boleh membakar, kami hanya menebar benih dan mendapat beras,\u201d katanya. \u201cSekarang tidak mungkin lagi. Kita harus membayar untuk penanaman benih, membayar untuk membersihkan rumput yang tumbuh karena tidak dibakar. Untuk satu hektare, biayanya sekitar Rp 4-5 juta (300-400 US dolar).\u201d<\/p>\n<div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p><strong>BEKERJA SAMA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pemerintah Indonesia, lembaga <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/49553\/turun-berkotor-kotor-di-lahan-terdegradasi?fnl=id\">penelitian<\/a> dan masyarakat sipil melangkah untuk memitigasi efek pelarangan api pada kehidupan individu.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSolusinya kompleks karena perlu menjawab beberapa dimensi,\u201d kata Peter Holmgren, Direktur Jenderal <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional (CIFOR)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>\u201cSolusinya perlu menjawab soal penghidupan masyarakat dan menjawab bagaimana iklim terganggu akibat emisi dari lahan gambut. Solusinya juga perlu menimbang kebutuhan konservasi keragaman hayati.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Di Indonesia, berbagai skema diterapkan \u2013 mulai dari mengangkat <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/49504\/local-law-and-order?fnl=en\">aturan lokal<\/a> yang dapat membantu alokasi anggaran untuk membantu masyarakat, hingga <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/41438\/merubah-ladang-berpindah-menjadi-agroforestri-intervensi-kecil-berpotensi-besar?fnl=id\">agroforestri<\/a>, di mana pohon atau semak dikembangkan di lahan pertanian.<\/p>\n<p>Pemerintah Indonesia juga melakukan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/9838\/memanfaatkan-perhutanan-sosial-sebagai-medium-komunikasi-interaktif-dengan-masyarakat?fnl=id\">tindakan<\/a> untuk melindungi penghidupan lokal, melalui rencana kehutanan sosial di 12,7 juta hektare lahan dan reformasi agraria yang akan memberi sembilan juga hektare lahan pada masyarakat.<\/p>\n<h4>ALTERNATIF BERKELANJUTAN<\/h4>\n<p>Di Kalimantan Tengah, perusahaan restorasi Rimba Makmur Utama mengupayakan regenerasi hutan, bekerja sama dengan petani dengan menerapkan beragam taktik, termasuk diversifikasi tanaman budi daya. Mereka bekerja bersama masyarakat lokal dalam menjawab kekhawatiran dan prioritas yang teridentifikasi, bukannya memaksakan solusi tertentu.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSaat ini, masyarakat di lahan gambut Indonesia menghadapi situasi sulit,\u201d kata Dharsono Hartono, Direktur Utama Rimba Makmur Utama. \u201cTidak ada solusi cepat.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Salah satu masalah yang dimunculkan masyarakat lokal adalah kebutuhan pengganti teknik pertanian tebang dan bakar untuk mengelola dan menyuburkan tanah mereka. Perusahaan dan petani mencoba apa yang disebut \u2018tanaman sela\u2019, seperti kacang lokal yang ditanam setelah panen. Tanaman ini menutrisi dan melindungi tanah dari bakteri dan infeksi, agar lahan siap untuk musim tanam berikut, tanpa perlu membakar.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSaat produktivitas tanah meningkat melalui tata kelola lahan yang baik, Anda dapat menanam banyak tanaman,\u201d kata Hartono.<\/p>\n<p>Para peneliti <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/49667\/membasahi-kembali-lahan-gambut-indonesia?fnl=id\">menegaskan<\/a> bahwa praktik pelibatan masyarakat dan mengatasi kebutuhannya menjadi kunci keberhasilan mengelola lahan gambut dan menyatukan <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/publications\/pdf_files\/Brief\/6449-brief.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">beragamnya kepentingan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Pada 18 Mei 2017 lalu, para tokoh masyakarat bergabung dengan aktivis lingkungan, pejabat pemerintah, akademisi dan pengambil kebijakan pada acara tematik <a href=\"http:\/\/www.landscapes.org\/peatlands\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Global Landscapes Forum: Peatlands Matter<\/a> di Jakarta, Indonesia untuk mendiskusikan hal ini.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKita perlu membawa berbagai sektor dan perspektif untuk mendapat solusi,\u201d kata Holmgren.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jauh di dalam hutan di Kalimantan Tengah, suara dayung menembus air berbaur dengan cericit nyanyian burung. Dinaungi kerimbunan vegetasi di kedua sisinya, Adam mengarahkan sampan melewati sungai gambut. Cahaya mulai menembus dedaunan. Hari menangkap ikan dimulai. Adam menangkap hingga sepuluh kilo patin, gurame dan ikan lele besar dalam sehari, dan mendapat penghasilan kotor Rp 50 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":255,"featured_media":50014,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,182,137,6090,13,1072,180,190],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12222],"tag-bahasa":[2587,2500,2721,2516,2520,2622,2590,2564,2586,5224,2480,3680,2659,7037,7038],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3085],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[6981],"class_list":["post-50013","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-community-forestry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-forests-news","category-governance","category-landscapes","category-mitigating-climate-change","category-peatlands","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-indonesia","tag-bahasa-bentang-alam","tag-bahasa-emisi-karbon","tag-bahasa-indonesia","tag-bahasa-kehutanan-masyarakat","tag-bahasa-konservasi","tag-bahasa-lahan-gambut","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-lokal","tag-bahasa-pemerintahan","tag-bahasa-pendekatan-bentang-alam","tag-bahasa-perhutanan-sosial","tag-bahasa-pertanian","tag-bahasa-perubahan-iklim","tag-bahasa-petani-kecil","tag-bahasa-reforma-agraria","tag-bahasa-teknik-pertanian","type-bahasa-video"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Manusia dan gambut - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/50013\/manusia-dan-gambut\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Manusia dan gambut\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jauh di dalam hutan di Kalimantan Tengah, suara dayung menembus air berbaur dengan cericit nyanyian burung. 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