{"id":49565,"date":"2017-05-10T13:00:46","date_gmt":"2017-05-10T06:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=49565"},"modified":"2018-02-07T15:47:51","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T08:47:51","slug":"reformasi-tenurial-hutan-kolektif-ke-mana-setelah-ini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/49565\/reformasi-tenurial-hutan-kolektif-ke-mana-setelah-ini","title":{"rendered":"Reformasi tenurial hutan kolektif: Ke mana setelah ini?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/events\/2016\/08\/22\/land-and-poverty-conference-2017-responsible-land-governance-towards-an-evidence-based-approach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Konferensi Lahan dan Kemiskinan Bank Dunia<\/a> Maret lalu di Washington D.C., memberi kesempatan untuk melakukan refleksi atas reformasi tenurial lahan kolektif, tidak hanya dari sudut pandang penelitian, namun juga sudut pandang pemerintahan.<\/p>\n<p>Pada saat konferensi, <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional (CIFOR)<\/a> menyelenggarakan <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/cifor-at-land-poverty-conference-2017\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pertukaran Selatan-Selatan<\/a>, sebagai bagian program <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/gcs-tenure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Penelitian Komparatif Global Reformasi Tenurial Hutan<\/a>. Tujuh pejabat pemerintah dari Peru, Kolombia, Indonesia, Nepal, Uganda dan Kenya diundang berpartisipasi. Para pejabat tersebut mewakili badan pertanahan dari Amerika Latin dan badan kehutanan dari Afrika dan Asia.<\/p>\n<p>Para pembicara dan peserta konferensi membuat saya merenungkan reformasi tenurial lahan, untuk dituliskan di bawah ini.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Secara keseluruhan, topik reformasi tenurial kolektif mengingatan saya pada sebuah eksperimen kromatografi sederhana di sekolah, ketika kita meneteskan tinta hitam pada saringan kopi yang basah. Spektrum warna muncul dan menyebar.<\/p>\n<p>Tinta hitam merepresentasikan gagasan reformasi hutan untuk mengakui atau memberi hak pada masyarakat yang tinggal di dalam atau di sekitar hutan. Meski beberapa negara berkembang telah mulai menangani isu ini sejak awal abad 20 \u2013 seperti Meksiko, yag memberi hak lahan (termasuk lahan hutan) pada masyarakat setelah revolusi 1910-1917 \u2013 tinta menembus saringan kopi basah di beberapa negara Asia (Nepal dan India) pada akhir 1970-an dan disusul beberapa negara lain setelah 1980. Beberapa negara baru mulai mempertimbangkan hak hutan masyarakat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PERTANYAAN REFORMASI GENERASI PERTAMA: ISI DAN CAKUPAN HAK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Saat ini, sebagian negara masih berkutat dengan pertanyaan generasi pertama, sementara yang lain sudah bergerak pada warna lain dalam spektrum, menghadapi tantangan generasi kedua dan ketiga.<\/p>\n<p>Saat Konferensi, terungkap sebentuk kekecewaan bagi mereka yang telah berupaya mengatasi isu ini selama 10 hingga 20 tahun atau lebih, melalui pertanyaan. \u201cApakah sekarang kita sudah tidak bisa melangkah lebih dari ini?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Beberapa negara masih mempertanyakan jenis (isi, cakupan, durasi) hak yang bisa dimiliki masyarakat atas hutan dan\/atau lahan hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Faktanya, perlu dicatat bahwa di negara yang telah berada di pertanyaan generasi kedua dan ketiga, pertanyaan pertama ini masih relevan. Pertanyaan ini terkait lokasi geografis baru, hak baru dan relasi antara lahan dan hak hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Di Kolombia, seperti didiskusikan oleh Andrea Olaya, Penasihat Utama Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kolombia saat Meja Bundar Kebijakan CIFOR pada Konferensi, upaya ini mendorong munculnya institusi baru dari sebuah perjanjian damai, selain juga tuntutan lahan dari para mantan milisi dan masyarakat yang terusir terkait dengan hak yang telah dimiliki.<\/p>\n<p>Di Indonesia, hal ini merujuk pada \u201creformasi aset agraria\u201d, seperti dinyatakan <em>Pak<\/em> Hadi Daryanto, Direktur Jenderal Kehutanan Sosial dan Kemitraan Lingkungan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Reformasi menelurkan pelimpahan pertama 13.000 hektare lahan adat pada sembilan masyarakat adat pada Januari tahun ini.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ronald Salazar, Direktur Agraria dan Pengaturan Wilayah Desa Kementerian Pertanian dan Irigasi, menyatakan bahwa perbedaan antara hak hutan dan hak lahan di Peru menghasilkan pemisahan peraturan dan kelembagaan pemerintah. Hal ini tidak sama di semua negara, dan sejalan dengan logika bahwa anggota masyarakat bisa bersilang pendapat, atau langsung menolak. Aktivis adat di Peru, misalnya, menuntut pengakuan status \u201cintegritas teritorial,\u201d yang tidak hanya mencakup lahan pertanian dan peternakan, tetapi juga lahan hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Pertanyaan mendasar mengenai <em>hak apa yang diberika untuk masyarakat<\/em> juga terkait pembenahan hak, di mana tuntutan baru, atau seringkali konstituen politik dan ekonomi, mengancam hak yang telah diakui, seperti yang terjadi di balik reformasi di Peru atau Brasil.<\/p>\n<h4>PERTANYAAN GENERASI KEDUA: KEAMANAN TENURIAL DAN PENGHIDUPAN<\/h4>\n<p>Pertanyaan generasi kedua adalah mengenai perlindungan hak dan penghidupan. Pembenahan formal tidak hanya menjadi tantangan bagi keamanan tenurial. Bahkan setelah pengakuan formal, masyarakat perlu akses pada keadilan jika haknya terlanggar atau tereliminasi.<\/p>\n<p>Bahkan terjaminnya hak tidak lantas cukup untuk menjamin penghidupan. Seperti dinyatakan seorang pejabat pemerintah pada kesempatan terpisah: \u201cMengapa harus reformasi jika tidak memperbaiki penghidupan?\u201d<\/p>\n\n<p>Saat Meja Bundar Kebijakan, Krishna Prasad Acharya, Direktur Jenderal Departemen Kehutanan Kementerian Hutan dan Konservasi Tanah, menyatakan bahwa kini terdapat 20.000 kelompok terorganisir di Nepal. Wilayah hutan meningkat dari 39 persen menjadi 44 persen, meski masih banyak yang perlu dilakukan untuk mendukung pemanfaatan dan tata kelola hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Pada acara yang sama, Gerardo Segura, Spesialis Senior Sumber Daya Alam Bank Dunia, menyoroti pentingnya menghapus hambatan bagi masyarakat dalam tata kelola hutan.<\/p>\n<div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<h4>PERTANYAAN GENERASI KETIGA: GENDER DAN PENGUASAAN ELIT<\/h4>\n<p>Pertanyaan ketiga fokus pada masalah, antara lain, diferensiasi masyarakat, hasil berbasis gender dan bagaimana mencegah penguasaan elit di tingkat masyarakat \u2013 yakni menjamin peningkatan penghidupan menjangkau mereka yang paling membutuhkan.<\/p>\n<p>Pada Meja Bundar Kebijakan, Dr. Prasad mencatat bahwa pemimpin perempuan muncul dalam program kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal. Bob Kazungo, Pejabat Kehutanan Senior di Kementerian Air dan Lingkungan Hidup Uganda, membicarakan pentingnya tindakan afirmatif dan pendekatan gender.<\/p>\n<p>Pada panel lain, para pembicara mengungkap kekhawatiran, bahwa reformasi merugikan hak tenurial perempuan. Misalnya, para peneliti melaporkan kasus di mana hak didaftarkan untuk lelaki sebagai kepala keluarga, padahal dalam sistem adat, baik lelaki maupun perempuan sebelumnya telah memegang hak.<\/p>\n<p>Emilio Mugo, Direktur Kehutanan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Air bertanya: \u201cBagaimana kita mengelola tokoh masyarakat, yang di satu sisi menjadi pemelihara, namun di sisi lain berperan sebagai penentu?\u201d Pertanyaan ini mengarah pada penguatan kelembagaan sebagai cara melawan penguasaan elit.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>KE MANA SETELAH INI? <\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Para pejabat undangan dengan cepat membedakan diri mereka sebagai pelayan masyarakat dari politisi penentu arah dan prioritas kebijakan. Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu, Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Uganda, memperkenalkan diri sebagai \u201csatu-satunya politisi di sini\u201d pada Meja Bundar, dan menekankan perlunya pengemasan informasi tenurial dan mengkaitkannya pada pembangunan, agar dapat menjangkau para politisi. Dr. Daryanto menekankan pentingnya kecukupan anggaran untuk implementasi.<\/p>\n<p>Ketika audiens bertanya, bagaimana seharusnya pejabat \u201cmemisahkan diri dari politik\u201d, Dr. Mugo malah mengingatkan, \u201cSegala yang Anda sentuh terkait sumber daya alam adalah politik.\u201d Pernyataan ini menekankan pentingnya membangun komunitas praktik dan koalisi untuk perubahan.<\/p>\n<div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Tidak semua negara menjawab seluruh tuntutan hutan dari masyarakat, dan sebagian besar masih menghadapi perebutan klaim atau perlawanan dalam mengakui hak tenurial hutan kolektif.<\/p>\n<p>Di satu sisi, tiga generasi pertanyaan ini menunjukkan bahwa berbagai negara berada pada posisi berbeda dan oleh karena itu, upaya penelitian untuk memberi dampak perlu menyusun prioritas yang selaras.<\/p>\n\n<p>Di sisi lain, hal ini menekankan pentingnya pertukaran dan berbagi pengetahuan Selatan-Selatan. Mengingat beberapa negara mulai menangani tantangan spektrum banyak warna, upaya saling belajar dapat memberi jalan mengatasi kompleksitas masalah, antara lain keamanan tenurial, penghidupan dan gender sejak awal proses reformasi. Melalui upaya ini, potensi keberhasilan bisa ditingkatkan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Konferensi Lahan dan Kemiskinan Bank Dunia Maret lalu di Washington D.C., memberi kesempatan untuk melakukan refleksi atas reformasi tenurial lahan kolektif, tidak hanya dari sudut pandang penelitian, namun juga sudut pandang pemerintahan. Pada saat konferensi, Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional (CIFOR) menyelenggarakan Pertukaran Selatan-Selatan, sebagai bagian program Penelitian Komparatif Global Reformasi Tenurial Hutan. Tujuh pejabat pemerintah [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":196,"featured_media":49566,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[182,6090,173,13],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[2670,6960,2564,6959],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[2214],"class_list":["post-49565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-community-forestry","category-forests-news","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-governance","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-kepemilikan-dan-hak-atas-lahan","tag-bahasa-konferensi-lahan-dan-kemiskinan-bank-dunia","tag-bahasa-pemerintahan","tag-bahasa-reformasi-tenurial","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reformasi tenurial hutan kolektif: Ke mana setelah ini? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/49565\/reformasi-tenurial-hutan-kolektif-ke-mana-setelah-ini\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reformasi tenurial hutan kolektif: Ke mana setelah ini?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Konferensi Lahan dan Kemiskinan Bank Dunia Maret lalu di Washington D.C., memberi kesempatan untuk melakukan refleksi atas reformasi tenurial lahan kolektif, tidak hanya dari sudut pandang penelitian, namun juga sudut pandang pemerintahan. Pada saat konferensi, Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional (CIFOR) menyelenggarakan Pertukaran Selatan-Selatan, sebagai bagian program Penelitian Komparatif Global Reformasi Tenurial Hutan. Tujuh pejabat pemerintah [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/49565\/reformasi-tenurial-hutan-kolektif-ke-mana-setelah-ini\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-05-10T06:00:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-02-07T08:47:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Tenurial1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"427\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Anne M. 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Larson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4bd2178e24e54298dd1858d856f97b99fb4a1a18673cc6ff3c933e218618414f?s=96&d=mm&r=g4ed83ae5d851796b4986e2a808759c5d\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4bd2178e24e54298dd1858d856f97b99fb4a1a18673cc6ff3c933e218618414f?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4bd2178e24e54298dd1858d856f97b99fb4a1a18673cc6ff3c933e218618414f?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Anne M. Larson\"},\"description\":\"Anne M. Larson conducts research on multiple aspects of forest and landscape governance policy and institutions, including property rights, climate change, decentralization, indigenous territories and gender, from local to international scales. She obtained her undergraduate degree in Environmental Science from Stanford University and her PhD in 2001 from U.C. Berkeley in Wildland Resource Science, with an emphasis on resource policy and institutions. Her current work includes developing research strategies, projects and methodologies; fundraising; supervising and conducting research; writing and editing books, reports, article, briefs and more popular materials such as illustrated training manuals and flyers in indigenous languages; networking with policy-makers, NGOs and grassroots organizations for impact; and project management. She is a member of the council of the International Association for the Study of the Commons (IASC, 2014-16) and represents CIFOR to the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI). Before moving full time to CIFOR\u2019s office in Lima, Peru, Anne lived in Nicaragua, where she did consultancies with multiple numerous organizations including GIZ, the Nicaraguan Forestry Institute (INAFOR), World Resources Institute (WRI), Ford Foundation, the Nitlapan Institute for Research and Development and the World Bank, among others. She has done both more traditional and action research, as well as supporting innovative efforts such as the design of a diploma course for indigenous communities and community leaders. Prior to obtaining her PhD, she worked as a journalist, activist and lobbyist. Current research priorities include opportunities and challenges for forest tenure reforms; women\u2019s rights to land in communal forests; and multilevel governance, REDD+ and low emissions development. 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