{"id":49170,"date":"2017-03-31T16:00:52","date_gmt":"2017-03-31T09:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=49170"},"modified":"2017-04-03T11:39:44","modified_gmt":"2017-04-03T04:39:44","slug":"satu-angka-untuk-semua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/49170\/satu-angka-untuk-semua","title":{"rendered":"Satu angka untuk semua"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Deforestasi adalah salah satu hal paling mengkhawatirkan terkait pemanfaatan lahan dan kehutanan. Sumber daya politik dan keuangan dikerahkan untuk mengurangi kehilangan hutan, sekaligus membangun keseimbangan beragam manfaat bentang alam hutan. Namun, di balik besarnya sorotan pada deforestasi, menjadi agak mengejutkan ketika ternyata kita sulit menjawab pertanyaan sederhana: Berapa juta hektare yang terdeforestasi setiap tahun?<\/p>\n<p>Kemarin, (30\/03) saya diundang The Guardian untuk berdiskusi dalam panel ahli bertema <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development-professionals-network\/2017\/mar\/23\/qa-forests-soak-up-greenhouse-gases-so-how-do-we-ensure-their-protection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Hutan menyedot  gas rumah kaca, bagaimana kita menjaganya?<\/a><\/em> Tujuan tertulis acara ini adalah \u201cmendiskusikan sumber daya yang diperlukan untuk memerangi deforestasi\u201d. Saya pikir ini bagus, berdialog dan berkontribusi memanfaatkan teknologi komunikasi modern, daripada harus bepergian  untuk acara konferensi. Jadi saya menerimanya dengan gembira.<\/p>\n<p>The Guardian menuliskan, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development-professionals-network\/2017\/mar\/23\/qa-forests-soak-up-greenhouse-gases-so-how-do-we-ensure-their-protection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">latar belakang<\/a> diskusi panel ini, adalah bahwa \u201cSetiap tahun, 18 juta hektare hutan tropis \u2013 seluas Inggris dan Wales \u2013 ditebang\u201d. Meski kata \u201cditebang\u201d merupakan ungkapan ambigu, teks berikutnya menjelaskan bahwa yang didiskusikan adalah deforestasi.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIni angka yang menarik,\u201d pikir saya. \u201cMari kita lihat sumbernya apa.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Pernyataan itu tertanya ditautkan pada artikel Guardian lain, ditulis John Vidal Januari 2017. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development-professionals-network\/2017\/jan\/23\/destroying-rainforests-quickly-gone-100-years-deforestation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Kita merusak hutan hujan dengan cepat, mereka bisa hilang dalam 100 tahun<\/a>,\u201d tulis judulnya memperingatkan. Judul yang sangat bisa diperdebatkan, namun tujuan saya adalah menemukan hitungannya. Dan inilah dia: \u201cSetiap tahun sekitar 18 juta hektare hutan \u2013 seukuran Inggris dan Wales \u2013 tumbang.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Menariknya, tulisan ini merujuk pada seluruh jenis hutan, bukan hanya hutan tropis yang melatarbelakangi acara hari ini. Ini penting,  dan akan kita lihat dalam paparan berikut. Perlu dicatat pula, penggunaan kata \u201ctumbang\u201d, yang sekali lagi, ambigu dalam kaitannya dengan deforestasi. Kata deforestasi dituliskan sebelas kali dalam teks, jadi tidak diragukan lagi bahwa ini lah fokusnya<\/p>\n<p>Artikel Vidal sendiri merujuk pada <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wri.org\/news\/2015\/09\/release-new-global-data-finds-tropical-forests-declining-overlooked-hotspots\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">rilis<\/a> dari <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wri.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Institut Sumber Daya Dunia<\/a> (World Resources Institute\/WRI), September 2015, terkait laporan statistik tahunan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.globalforestwatch.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pemantau Hutan Global<\/a> (Global Forest Watch\/GFW). Rilis ini menyatakan: \u201c<em>Dunia kehilangan lebih dari 18 juta hektare (45 juta akre) tutupan hutan pada 2014, dua kali luas Portugal, menurut data dari Universitas Maryland (UMD) dan Google yang dirilis Global Forest Watch. Data menunjukkan bahwa hutan tropis paling bermasalah, hilang 9,9 juta hektare (24.5 juta akre) tutupan hutan pada 2014 \u2013 lebih dari separuh angka total dunia<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Jadi \u201chutan\u201d dalam artikel John Vidal aslinya adalah \u201ctutupan hutan\u201d dalam kajian yang ia rujuk. Laporan GFW, menggunakan data UMD, memang adalah laporan hilangnya tutupan pohon. Para ilmuwan sendiri sudah sangat mengetahui, terdapat diskrepansi antara data tutupan pohon yang diambil menggunakan dengan data wilayah hutan yang ditentukan melalui pengukuran pemanfaatan lahan atau tutupan lahan \u2013 yang dipaparkan dengan baik oleh WRI <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2016\/08\/insider-global-forest-watch-and-forest-resources-assessment-explained-5-graphics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">di sini<\/a>. Data kehilangan tutupan pohon GFW tidak seharusnya digunakan menggambarkan deforestasi.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Rilis WRI juga menceritakan pada kita bahwa sekitar separuh kehilangan tutupan hutan (9,9 juta hektare pada 2014) terjadi di wilayah tropis; sisanya terjadi di wilayah hangat dan boreal.<\/p>\n<p>Ternyata pernyataan The Guardian mengenai deforestasi adalah jumlah perkalian dua dari sumber yang berjarak dua klik itu. Apalagi, data ini sejak awal bukan data deforestasi.<\/p>\n<p>The Guardian tidak sendiri dalam hal ini. Saya menelusuri 15 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/archive\/forestry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">artikel blog Forum Ekonomi Dunia (World Economic Forum) mengenai kehutanan<\/a> dan menemukan tiga angka berbeda yang digunakan untuk deforestasi global tahunan \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/11\/deforestation-africa-palm-oil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">18<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/03\/protect-forests-and-profit-from-them-too\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">15<\/a> dan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/03\/these-videos-show-how-the-world-s-forests-have-changed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">5,2<\/a> juta hektare. Tidak satu pun terkait dengan 7,6 juta yang dikutip dalam <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a-i4793e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">laporan Penilaian Sumber Daya Hutan Global (Global Forest Resources Assessments\/FRA)<\/a> terbaru dari Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian PBB (FAO).<\/p>\n<p>Mengapa saat ini sulit sekali memberi laporan deforestasi global yang reliabel dan konsisten? Setidaknya ada lima kemungkinan alasan, dan seringkali saling memperkuat satu sama lain.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ketidaksepakatan dan perbedaan definisi<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Selama beberapa dekade, banyak masyarakat sipil menyuarakan <a href=\"http:\/\/wrm.org.uy\/actions-and-campaigns\/how-does-the-fao-forest-definition-harm-people-and-forests-an-open-letter-to-the-fao\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">klaim<\/a> bahwa tidak seluruh hutan adalah hutan. Hutan tanaman, khususnya, dikeluarkan dari perspektif ini. Ketidakmauan menerima hutan tanaman menjadi hambatan dalam pemahaman bersama isu ini, dan membuat negosiasi lebih rumit, misalnya dalam REDD+. Lebih jauh lagi, berbagai negara memiliki definisi sendiri yang perlu diselaraskan agar sesuai dengan pelaporan internasional. Yang terakhir, dan mungkin yang paling membuat frustasi, proses dan konvensi internasional mengadopsi beragam definisi pula. Tiap definisi dibela mati-matian oleh birokrasinya masing-masing. Isu terakhir ini telah diatasi melalui <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cpfweb.org\/73036\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">inisiatif CPF<\/a>, namun kemajuannya lambat.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Keterbatasan data dan pengukuran<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ketidakpastian dan diskrepansi juga berasal dari lemahnya pengukuran data. Pencitraan jarak jauh sering diasumsikan menjadi solusi universal kelemahan data, meski konten informasinya dangkal, ambigu dan seringkali tidak bisa dikomparasikan lintas wahana. Pengambilan sampel lapangan memberi kualitas data lebih baik, namun inventarisasi nasional membutuhkan investasi mahal dan lama, selain itu presisi menjadi korban ketika observasinya terbatas.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Maksud politik untuk membesar-besarkan (atau menutupi) masalah<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Deforestasi memiliki fokus berorientasi-masalah. Kecenderungan membesar-besarkan masalah, apakah dalam narasi atau dalam pengutipan fakta, tidak sama dan tidak lantas bermanfaat. Begitu pula dengan pemerintah yang bisa memperhalus laporan untuk alasan politis. Dalam <a href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.fao.org\/docrep\/fao\/003\/y1997e\/fra 2000 main report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">FRA 2000<\/a>, deforestasi di Afrika ditemukan malah dibesar-besarkan akibat satu atau dua faktor. Penyusunan <a href=\"http:\/\/redd.unfccc.int\/fact-sheets\/forest-reference-emission-levels.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">tingkat rujukan hutan nasional untuk REDD+<\/a> menjadi proses menarik lain dalam konteks ini.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>Variasi metodologi ditambah dengan perbedaan model akademis atau kepemilikan politis<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Sementara data UMD memberi data penginderaan jarak jauh  yang telah lama menjadi standar yang hilang, cara ini bukan alat universal dan masih terus berubah. Berbagai kelompok akademisi juga mengembangkan model berdasar data berbeda, sehingga kita pasti memiliki diskrepansi substansial.  Pada 2012, Winrock Internasional dan Pusat Penelitiah Woods Hole dilaporkan melaporkan angka-angka emisi global deforestasi tropis berbeda. Demi kepentingan stabilitas dalam negosiasi REDD+, hasil ini <a href=\"http:\/\/merid.org\/forestemissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">kemudian dikalibrasi<\/a> \u2014 melalui perundingan tersendiri.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>Rendahnya kualitas kontrol sumber data dalam publikasi media<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Terdapat potensi meningkatkan kualitas berita dan publikasi penelitian. Penelitan dan pelaporan yang lebih baik membantu menghindari jenis kesalahan yang disebutkan di atas.<\/p>\n<p>Kita semua ingin, dan harus, mengurangi deforestasi. Namun ketidakpastian pada tingkat global mempersulit kita untuk mengetahui kemajuan yang telah dibuat, atau di mana letak keberhasilan kita. Akan sangat bermanfaat jika lembaga resmi, khususnya FAO dan mandatnya di bidang ini, menggalang seluruh pemangku kepentingan penilaian hutan untuk membangun konsensus lebih kuat.<\/p>\n<p>Pada akhirnya, kita memiliki tujuan dan misi yang sama untuk membalikkan deforestasi dan mendukung bentang alam hutan yang lestari, menguntungkan dan berkeadilan. Dalam upaya itu, kita seharusnya melakukan upaya ekstra menghindari untuk mengkomunikasikan fakta-fakta berbeda.<\/p>\n<p><em>*Edit: Sejak publikasi artikel ini, The Guardian telah memperbarui dokumen latar belakang mereka dan saat ini merujuk pada \u201ctutupan pohon\u201d bukan \u201chutan tropis\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Deforestasi adalah salah satu hal paling mengkhawatirkan terkait pemanfaatan lahan dan kehutanan. Sumber daya politik dan keuangan dikerahkan untuk mengurangi kehilangan hutan, sekaligus membangun keseimbangan beragam manfaat bentang alam hutan. Namun, di balik besarnya sorotan pada deforestasi, menjadi agak mengejutkan ketika ternyata kita sulit menjawab pertanyaan sederhana: Berapa juta hektare yang terdeforestasi setiap tahun? Kemarin, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":49175,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[2522,2865,2567,6973,6842,3127,3680,2819,6972],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[2967],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[680],"class_list":["post-49170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-fao","tag-bahasa-gas-rumah-kaca","tag-bahasa-gfw","tag-bahasa-kehutanan","tag-bahasa-mrv","tag-bahasa-perubahan-iklim","tag-bahasa-redd","tag-bahasa-wri","type-bahasa-kolom-dirjen"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Satu angka untuk semua - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/49170\/satu-angka-untuk-semua\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Satu angka untuk semua\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Deforestasi adalah salah satu hal paling mengkhawatirkan terkait pemanfaatan lahan dan kehutanan. Sumber daya politik dan keuangan dikerahkan untuk mengurangi kehilangan hutan, sekaligus membangun keseimbangan beragam manfaat bentang alam hutan. Namun, di balik besarnya sorotan pada deforestasi, menjadi agak mengejutkan ketika ternyata kita sulit menjawab pertanyaan sederhana: Berapa juta hektare yang terdeforestasi setiap tahun? Kemarin, [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/49170\/satu-angka-untuk-semua\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-03-31T09:00:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-04-03T04:39:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/pic-for-twitter-draft-3.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"360\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Peter Holmgren\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/49170\\\/satu-angka-untuk-semua#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/49170\\\/satu-angka-untuk-semua\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Peter Holmgren\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4c6a8d0ab7b85160a0d57a15381a8122\"},\"headline\":\"Satu angka untuk semua\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-03-31T09:00:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-04-03T04:39:44+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/49170\\\/satu-angka-untuk-semua\"},\"wordCount\":995,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/49170\\\/satu-angka-untuk-semua#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/pic-for-twitter-draft-3.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change &amp; 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