{"id":489,"date":"1998-11-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1998-11-13T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=489"},"modified":"2015-10-07T16:38:17","modified_gmt":"2015-10-07T09:38:17","slug":"di-balik-layar-kartel-apkindo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/489\/di-balik-layar-kartel-apkindo","title":{"rendered":"Di balik layar kartel APKINDO"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tulisan Christopher Barr (c.barr@cgiar.org) tentang \u201cBob Hasan, The Rise of Apkindo, and the Shifting Dynamics of Control in Indonesia\u2019s Timber Sector\u2019, dipublikasikan baru-baru ini dalam jurnal \u2019Indonesia\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Selama tahun 1980-an, peran Indonesia berubah drastis dalam bisnis-bisnis kayu lapis dunia: dari pelaku kecil menjadi mendominasi 70% ekspor total kayu lapis tropis. Lonjakan ini dicapai melalui subsidi terhadap industri kayu lapis, larangan ekspor kayu gelondongan dan memasarkan kayu lapis secara agresif (bahkan dengan harga jual yang jauh lebih rendah dari ongkos produksinya). Pada dekade yang sama, sektor Kehutanan Indonesia menjadi lebih terpusat pada segelintir pengusaha. Menjelang tahun 1990, 15 kelompok bisnis mengendalikan 54% kapasitas produksi industri kayu lapis dan kira-kira sepertiga (18 juta ha) dari seluruh kawasan hutan Indonesia berada di bawah kendali HPH.<\/p>\n<p>Mohammad Bob Hasan (MBH) bersama Asosiasi Produsen Panel Kayu Indonesia (APKINDO) adalah dalang dari semua proses di atas. Tulisan Barr ini menjelaskan alasan-alasannya.<\/p>\n<p>MBH mengembangkan kekuasaannya melalui hubungan dekatnya dengan rejim Soeharto, perjanjian-perjanjian bisnis yang licik, dan taktik menekan pihak lain. Pemerintah Indonesia memberikan APKINDO wewenang untuk menentukan jumlah kayu lapis yang diekspor dari tiap produsen dan harga jualnya. MBH dan APKINDO merancang strategi-strategi pemasaran kayu lapis. Mereka juga mendirikan perusahaan-perusahaan di negara-negara pengimpor untuk mengendalikan distribusi kayu lapis di sana. Cara ini membuat APKINDO bertindak seperti perusahaan yang memonopoli harga dalam pasar kayu lapis, serupa dengan OPEC dalam pasar minyak.<\/p>\n<p>Beberapa studi yang dilakukan sebelumnya tidak dapat mengungkap secara jelas tingkat kekuatan monopoli yang berlaku dan bagaimana perilaku pemerintah dan kalangan pengusaha di sektor ini di Indonesia. Monopoli ini memungkinkan penjualan produk-produk dengan harga rendah dalam jangka waktu panjang dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh pasar, meskipun produsen harus menanggung rugi karenanya.<\/p>\n<p>MBH dan APKINDO berambisi besar untuk meningkatkan posisinya di pasar, karena sebagian besar pendapatan tetap mereka berasal dari tiap unit kayu lapis yang diekspor. Barr memperkirakan bahwa antara tahun 1983 dan 1993 produsen kayu lapis Indonesia telah membayar APKINDO lebih dari US$700 juta untuk kegiatan promosi dan biaya perluasan pasar. Menurutnya, MBH mendapat keuntungan besar melalui pengapalan, asuransi, dan pemasaran kayu lapis yang dihasilkan oleh produsen di Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p>Pada bulan Januari 1998 pemerintah Indonesia setuju untuk merombak kartel kayu lapis sebagai imbalan atas bantuan Dana Moneter Internasional (IMF). Sejak itu sudah ada beberapa langkah yang diambil untuk merealisasikannya. Tulisan Barr ini mengundang kita bertanya-tanya siapa yang akan \u2019lebih cepat melangkah\u2019?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Polex<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":35311,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12222],"tag-bahasa":[5864,2671,2578,2672,2635],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[4903],"class_list":["post-489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-indonesia","tag-bahasa-chris-barr","tag-bahasa-kayu","tag-bahasa-perdagangan-internasional","tag-bahasa-perdagangan-kayu","tag-bahasa-sektor-swasta","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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