{"id":47372,"date":"2016-12-21T01:00:04","date_gmt":"2016-12-20T18:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=47372"},"modified":"2018-02-07T15:08:15","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T08:08:15","slug":"redd-konservasi-dan-penghidupan-desa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/47372\/redd-konservasi-dan-penghidupan-desa","title":{"rendered":"REDD+, konservasi dan penghidupan desa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Strategi gobal mereduksi emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan, atau dikenal sebagai REDD+, menjadi primadona agenda iklim pada 2007. Hutan secara eksplisit juga diakui sebagai bagian solusi perubahan iklim dan Perjanjian Paris. COP22 di Marrakesh baru-baru ini hanya menegaskan tren dini.<\/p>\n

Jadi apa yang telah terjadi antara konsep dan implementasi? Dan bagaimana REDD+ terwujud di lapangan saat ini?<\/p>\n

\u201cSejak 2007, ratusan inisiatif REDD+ subnasional diimplementasikan di wilayah tropis. Inisiatif ini termasuk pula proyek-proyek kecil terkait pasar karbon sukarela, serta pendekatan besar yurisdiksi REDD+ seperti Sistem Insentif Jasa Lingkungan Pemerintah Acre,\u201d kata Amy Duchelle, ilmuwan Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional <\/a>(CIFOR) yang memimpin bidang kajian inisiatif REDD+ subnasional di CIFOR.<\/p>\n

\u201cApa yang kami dapat dari bertahun persentuhan dengan REDD+ adalah bahwa kita bisa membincangkan banyak sekali jenis strategi konservasi dan pembangunan,\u201d tambahnya.<\/p>\n

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Keragaman \u2013 konteks, inisiatif, lingkup dan tujuan \u2013 ini dapat menyulitkan evaluasi keberhasilan atau kegagalan REDD+. Mengenali kompleksitas ini dan menggabungkannya dalam metode penelitian menjadi penting dalam memahami inisiatif yang dimaksudkan melindung hutan dunia.<\/p>\n

Sejak 2009, Penelitian Komparatif Global REDD+<\/a> (GCS) mengkaji disain dan implementasi REDD+ dengan kriteria 3E+ — efektivitas karbon, efisensi biaya, keadilan di antara pemangku kepentingan, serta pembagian manfaat \u2013 untuk mengevaluasi dampak REDD+ terhadap hutan dan manusia.<\/p>\n

Duchelle mempresentasikan metode evaluasi dampak dan temuan utama komponen penelitian GCS REDD+ pada inisiatif subnasional pada pertemuan ke-13 Konferensi Para Pihak dalam Konvensi Keragaman Hayati (CBDCOP13)<\/a> di Canc\u00fan, Meksiko pada 12 Desember lalu, dalam sebuah acara paralel yang diselenggarakan oleh Konservasi Internasional dan IIED<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Presentasi tersebut akan menjelaskan enam tahun penelitian lapangan inisiatif subnasional \u2013 di enam negara (Peru, Brasil, Kamerun, Tanzania, Vietnam, Indonesia), 150 desa dan 4.000 kepala keluarga, serta terentang dari fase pra-intervensi 2010 hingga 2012 dan fase pasca-intervensi 2013-2014. Tim peneliti menggunakan pendekatan Intervensi-Terkendali-Sebelum-Sesudah (BACI) agar dapat dilakkan atribusi hasil pemantauan dengan intervensi REDD+ itu sendiri.<\/p>\n

DAMPAK REDD+ TERHADAP HUTAN DAN MASYARAKAT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Astrid Bos, kandidat doktor Universitas Wageningen yang terlibat dalam penelitian, membandingkan rata-rata kecepatan kehilangan tutupan hutan per tahun di lokasi kontrol dan lokasi intervensi. Kemudian membandingkan lintasan perubahan sebelum dan setelah dimulainya inisiatif.<\/p>\n

Salah satu temuannya adalah, tutupan hutan terkurangi secara minimal pada lokasi penelitian REDD+, meski performanya tampak sedikit lebih baik di tingkat desa.<\/p>\n

\u201cKita perlu memahami perbedaan antara ukuran performa dan level rujukan yang digunakan, karena hasilnya bisa sangat beragam,\u201d kata Bos. \u201cPerforma bisa tampak buruk jika kita hanya menggunakan data dari wilayah intervensi, tanpa membandingkannya pada jenis wilayah kontrol,\u201d katanya, menekankan pentingnya pendekatan BACI.<\/p>\n

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Penelitian penginderaan jarak jauh yang dilakukan Bos memerlukan penelitian lapangan lebih dalam: Intervensi gabungan REDD+ seperti apa yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan lahan lokal?<\/em> Memang, terdapat banyak potensi kombinasi intervensi dan hasil akhirnya ditentukan oleh kombinasi intervensi dan strategi, bukan sekadar intervensi spesifik tunggal semata.<\/p>\n

Mantan ilmuwan CIFOR, sekaligus anggota tim GCS, Daju Resosudarmo memberikan pertanyaan tingkat-lapangan serupa, bagaimana inisiatif REDD+ mengubah perilaku pemanfaatan lahan keluarga. Dan menemukan hanya sepertiga dari seluruh intervensi menembus rumah tangga.<\/p>\n

Namun, melihat intervensi sebagai upaya peningkatan penghidupan atau pendidikan lingkungan, ia menemukan 65 persen kepala keluarga yang terlibat dalam intervensi, mengubah pemanfaatan lahan mereka.<\/p>\n\n

\u201cKetika dilihat apa yang sebenarnya memotivasi perubahan pemanfaatan lahan, kami menemukan pengaturan lingkungan hidup yang disertai pemantauan dan penegakkan hukum menjadi pendorong utama,\u201d katanya.<\/p>\n

Temuan ini diperkuat dalam sebuah analisis terfokus pada perlindungan sosial REDD+. Dengan adanya sorotan terhadap potensi dampak negatif REDD+ pada masyarakat bergantung hutan, sekumpulan aturan perlindungan muncul untuk menjamin bahwa inisiatif bersangkutan tidak membahayakan dan mampu memberi manfaat.<\/p>\n

Duchelle melihat dampak intervensi REDD+ tertentu \u2013 seperti regulasi versus insentif \u2013 pada perubahan persepsi masyarakat lokal terhadap kesejahteraan. Hasilnya menunjukkan perlunya regulasi untuk mengurangi penggundulan hutan, namun juga menyoroti dampak negatif terkait kesejahteraan.<\/p>\n

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Ukuran obyektif kesejahteraan, seperti penghasilan, juga dapat diukur melalui evaluasi dampak. Claudio de Sassi bekerja dengan CIFOR untuk meneliti dampak REDD+ terhadap keluarga, dengan menjejak apakah penghasilan meningkat atau menurun, dan apakah ketidakmerataan meningkat atau menurun setelah intervensi.<\/p>\n

Sejauh ini hasilnya masih belum terang \u2013 kehadiran REDD+ tidak lantas tampak meningkatkan penghasilan, namun juga tidak tampak konsisten memberi dampak negatif. Dan ia menemukan hal ini terbukti pada tingkat desa dan di hampir seluruh tingkat lokasi.<\/p>\n

Para ilmuwan menekankan perlunya evaluasi ketat dampak REDD+ terhadap lingkungan dan sosio-ekonomi untuk dapat memberi manfaat pada hutan maupun masyarakat.<\/p>\n

HIKMAH PEMBELAJARAN <\/strong><\/h4>\n

Duchelle telah mempresentasikan hasil pembelajaran dari bertahun-tahun upaya evaluasi dampak GCS REDD+ di CBD COP13<\/a> di Cancun. Menurut Duchelle, hasil pembelajaran utama antara lain perlunya fleksibilitas dalam menganalisa perubahan proses kebijakan, seperti REDD+, perlunya pemilihan wilayah kontrol dalam evaluasi dampak, dan tantangan memisahkan dampak nyata dari gangguan umum data.<\/p>\n

Melanjutkan kajian bagaimana dampak REDD+ pada hutan dan masyarakat, fase ketiga GCS baru saja dimulai. Terfokus pada evaluasi dampak jangka lebih panjang dalam konteks bentang alam lebih luas, penghidupan dan keadilan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Strategi gobal mereduksi emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan, atau dikenal sebagai REDD+, menjadi primadona agenda iklim pada 2007. Hutan secara eksplisit juga diakui sebagai bagian solusi perubahan iklim dan Perjanjian Paris. COP22 di Marrakesh baru-baru ini hanya menegaskan tren dini. Jadi apa yang telah terjadi antara konsep dan implementasi? Dan bagaimana REDD+ terwujud di […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":220,"featured_media":47376,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,182,161,6090,151,184],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[2633,2590,3127,2623,2564,2659,2819,2538],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[6428],"class_list":["post-47372","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-community-forestry","category-deforestation","category-forests-news","category-redd-2","category-value-chains-finance","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-kemiskinan","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-lokal","tag-bahasa-mrv","tag-bahasa-pembayaran-jasa-lingkungan","tag-bahasa-pemerintahan","tag-bahasa-petani-kecil","tag-bahasa-redd","tag-bahasa-target-pengurangan-emisi","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nREDD+, konservasi dan penghidupan desa - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/47372\/redd-konservasi-dan-penghidupan-desa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"REDD+, konservasi dan penghidupan desa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Strategi gobal mereduksi emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan, atau dikenal sebagai REDD+, menjadi primadona agenda iklim pada 2007. 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