{"id":38844,"date":"2015-12-17T09:30:42","date_gmt":"2015-12-17T02:30:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=38844"},"modified":"2018-02-07T15:51:16","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T08:51:16","slug":"penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/38844\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru","title":{"rendered":"Tantangan baru penguatan hak masyarakat"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hampir 20 tahun lalu, pada 1996, pemerintah Namibia memberikan hak alam liar\u2014gajah, badak hitam, singa dan banyak spesies antelop\u2014kepada komunitas konservasi yang baru terbentuk. Kini, Namibia memiliki 82 komunitas konservasi, menguasai 20 persen wilayahnya. Komunitas konservasi tersebut membuka pekerjaan bagi beberapa ribu penduduk lokal dan mendapat pemasukan dari penginapan turis yang dialirkan untuk membangun sekolah dan klinik. Lingkungan juga makin baik, ketika masyarakat lebih memilih alam liar daripada ternak yang ternyata lebih cocok bagi lingkungan semi-arid Namibia.<\/p>\n<p>Hal serupa terjadi di Guatemala pada 1990, ketika pemerintah membangun Cagar Biosfer Mayan, dan menyisihkan sekitar 40 persen cagar untuk konsesi masyarakat kehutanan. Konsesi menghasilkan pemasukan, terutama melalui penjualan berkelanjutan kayu bernilai tinggi mahogani dan jati. Kecepatan deforestasi di area konsesi ini menurun drastis.<\/p>\n<p>Ini adalah dua contoh inisiatif yang diharapkan bisa membangun kelembagaan dan pengusahaan bersama\u2014pendeknya, mereka mencoba menghubungkan barang dan jasa yang diproduksi lokal ke pasar bernilai tinggi.<\/p>\n<p>Dan dalam kedua kasus tersebut, penduduk lokal memetik manfaat signifikan secara sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan.<\/p>\n<div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p><strong>WARISAN KOLONIAL <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kasus tersebut memberi contoh manfaat yang menjadi sandaran masyarakat atas hutan komunal dan sumber alam lain di negara berkembang dunia dalam lebih dari 20 tahun terakhir makin berperan besar dalam bentuk pemanfaatan, tata kelola dan hak lain hutan\u2014wilayah yang, selama dan setelah era kolonial, dikuasai dan dikelola oleh lembaga pemerintah, dan sering malah merugikan masyarakat.<\/p>\n<p>Pemerintah negara berkembang cenderung menjaga model kolonial kepemilikan negara bahkan setelah negara itu merdeka. Ketika regulasi pemerintah yang mengatur ekstraksi kayu dan pembangunan lemah, masyarakat lokal menganggung biaya lingkungan dan sosial akibat degradasi lahan dan aliran sungai. Tetapi mereka memiliki sedikit atau malah tidak memiliki kekuatan untuk melindungi lahan dan hutan dari perambahan pihak luar. Peraturan lokal yang menjaga hak sumber alam kehilangan kekuatan, dan kapasitas lembaga lokal mengelola sumber alam seringkali melemah.<\/p>\n<p>Regulasi negara yang mengatur pemanfaatan hutan sering pula bersifat agresif dan menghukum. Masyarakat lokal sering hanya bisa memanfaatkan sumber alam hanya jika mereka bisa mendapat ijin atau membayar sejumlah uang. Di beberapa tempat, pemanfaatan tradisional hutan, seperti berburu untuk makan dan pengumpulan produk non-hutan, dikriminalisasi. Di beberapa negara Sahel Afrika Barat, petani harus mendapat ijin untuk menebang pohon yang ditanam di tanah sendiri. Hasilnya: sedikit pohon ditanam.<\/p>\n<div class='short-video sv_new short-video--left' >\n            <a class='short-video-trigger GTMshortVideo' href='#' data-video-url=''>\n                <div class='short-video__thumb'>\n                    <img src='' width='260' alt=''>\n                    <div class='short-video__icon'><i class='fa fa-play-circle-o'><\/i><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class='short-video__type'><\/div>\n                <div class='short-video__title'><\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n<p>Secara umum, kemudian, kemajuan yang dibuat selama 20 tahun terakhir menunjukkan bagaimana keamanan dan kejelasan hak tenurial dapat menciptakan kondisi tata kelola lebih baik sumber alam, untuk menarik investasi luar, dan pembagian manfaat bersama secara lebih adil.<\/p>\n<p><strong>GENERASI MENDATANG<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kini kita melangkah menuju apa yang disebut tantangan \u201cgenerasi mendatang\u201d dalam tata kelola sumber daya milik bersama: Masyarakat telah memiliki hak baru atas sumber daya yang kuat\u2014tetapi kemudian apa?<\/p>\n<p>Karena bukannya mendapat manfaat, pengaturan tata kelola sumber daya lokal cenderung rapuh, dan pengusahaan lokal cenderung lemah. Terlebih lagi, kemajuan devolusi hak telah menarik perhatian terhadap kemiskinan akut dalam ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap sumber daya yang umumnya digunakan bersama seperti penggembalaan, perikanan dan air, alam liar dan hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Jadi di puncak daftar tantangan generasi mendatang adalah: Bagaimana menjamin masyarakat dengan hak sumber daya baru yang kuat dapat membangun ekonomi lokal yang kuat berbasis pemanfaatan berkelanjutan sumber alam lokal.<\/p>\n<div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Sebagai awal, hal ini memerlukan bentuk baru pengaturan tata kelola dan pengusahaan lokal yang mampu tidak hanya membawa barang dan jasa lokal bernilai tinggi ke pasar, tetapi melakukannya dengan memberi manfaat adil pada pemilik hak lokal. Perantara\u2014misalnya LSM\u2014dapat menjadi kunci membangun kecerdasan bisnis lokal dan memperantarai perjanjian dengan perusahaan dan investor luar\u2014yang dapat juga membangun kepercayaan antar pihak yang belum terbiasa bekerja sama.<\/p>\n<p>Juga penting memahami bagaimana kemampuan masyarakat berpartisipasi dalam pengusahaan bersama dapat berbeda menurut usia, pendidikan, jender, kesehatan dan faktor sosial dan demografik lain. Menimbang keragaman ini, dan bagaimana mereka berwujud dalam dinamika kekuatan, dapat membantu membangun pengamanan atas penguasaan elit pengusahaan bersama dan pengelolaan pembagian manfaat yang menjamin semua pemangku mendapat pembagian adil manfaat kepemilikan bersama ini.<\/p>\n<p>Tantangan generasi mendatang ini, cukup jelas, tidak kurang menakutkan dari era-era awal.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hampir 20 tahun lalu, pada 1996, pemerintah Namibia memberikan hak alam liar\u2014gajah, badak hitam, singa dan banyak spesies antelop\u2014kepada komunitas konservasi yang baru terbentuk. Kini, Namibia memiliki 82 komunitas konservasi, menguasai 20 persen wilayahnya. Komunitas konservasi tersebut membuka pekerjaan bagi beberapa ribu penduduk lokal dan mendapat pemasukan dari penginapan turis yang dialirkan untuk membangun sekolah [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":166,"featured_media":38847,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[173,13],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[2516,2670,2575,2590,2588,6319],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1917],"class_list":["post-38844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-governance","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-kehutanan-masyarakat","tag-bahasa-kepemilikan-dan-hak-atas-lahan","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-adat","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-lokal","tag-bahasa-penegakan-hukum","tag-bahasa-steve-lawry","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tantangan baru penguatan hak masyarakat - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/38844\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tantangan baru penguatan hak masyarakat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hampir 20 tahun lalu, pada 1996, pemerintah Namibia memberikan hak alam liar\u2014gajah, badak hitam, singa dan banyak spesies antelop\u2014kepada komunitas konservasi yang baru terbentuk. Kini, Namibia memiliki 82 komunitas konservasi, menguasai 20 persen wilayahnya. Komunitas konservasi tersebut membuka pekerjaan bagi beberapa ribu penduduk lokal dan mendapat pemasukan dari penginapan turis yang dialirkan untuk membangun sekolah [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/38844\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-12-17T02:30:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-02-07T08:51:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/12201072205_9ef0b2894d.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"332\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Steven Lawry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@StevenLawry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Steven Lawry\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5942b6d0ff3ed3c48e88caf93868a07a\"},\"headline\":\"Tantangan baru penguatan hak masyarakat\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-12-17T02:30:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-07T08:51:16+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru\"},\"wordCount\":650,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/12201072205_9ef0b2894d.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Gender, justice &amp; tenure\",\"Governance\"],\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2015\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru\",\"name\":\"Tantangan baru penguatan hak masyarakat - Landscape Alliance Forests News\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/12201072205_9ef0b2894d.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-12-17T02:30:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-07T08:51:16+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/38844\\\/penguatan-hak-masyarakat-satu-tantangan-baru#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/12201072205_9ef0b2894d.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/12201072205_9ef0b2894d.jpg\",\"width\":500,\"height\":332,\"caption\":\"Bila kejelasan hak tenurial dapat diatur baik oleh pemerintah, keamanan tata kelola sumber daya alam bisa terjaga. 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He was formerly director of CIFOR\u2019s Forests and Governance Research portfolio. His research focuses on the effects of land tenure and resource governance regimes on social, economic and environmental outcomes. An example of his recent research is a systematic review of the literature on the impact of land rights formalization on agricultural productivity and investment in Latin America, Africa and Asia, published in January 2014. Dr. Lawry has published studies and scholarly articles on the social and ecological effects resulting from the devolution of forest rights from state authorities to communities in developing countries; the governance of land use in customary tenure regimes in sub-Saharan Africa; and tenure factors affecting adoption of agroforestry technologies in West Africa, among other topics. He received a PhD from the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1988. Also in 1988, he joined the research staff of UW-Madison\u2019s Land Tenure Center (LTC), and became LTC\u2019s Associate Director in charge of Africa programs in 1990. Dr. Lawry served as Global Practice Leader for Land Tenure and Property Rights at DAI, a Washington-based development-consulting group, from December 2011 to July 2014. He headed the USAID-funded Sudan Property Rights Program in 2010 and 2011, which helped the Government of South Sudan develop a national land policy. Dr. Lawry held senior positions in the Ford Foundation from 1992 to 2006. From 1992 to 1997 he led the Foundation\u2019s grant programs in Namibia, and from his base in Windhoek managed grants in support of South Africa\u2019s post-apartheid land reform program. He was head of the Foundation\u2019s Office for the Middle East and North Africa, in Cairo, from 1997 to 2001. He served in the Foundation\u2019s New York headquarters as Director of the Office of Management Services from 2001 to 2006. 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He was formerly director of CIFOR\u2019s Forests and Governance Research portfolio. His research focuses on the effects of land tenure and resource governance regimes on social, economic and environmental outcomes. An example of his recent research is a systematic review of the literature on the impact of land rights formalization on agricultural productivity and investment in Latin America, Africa and Asia, published in January 2014. Dr. Lawry has published studies and scholarly articles on the social and ecological effects resulting from the devolution of forest rights from state authorities to communities in developing countries; the governance of land use in customary tenure regimes in sub-Saharan Africa; and tenure factors affecting adoption of agroforestry technologies in West Africa, among other topics. He received a PhD from the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1988. Also in 1988, he joined the research staff of UW-Madison\u2019s Land Tenure Center (LTC), and became LTC\u2019s Associate Director in charge of Africa programs in 1990. Dr. Lawry served as Global Practice Leader for Land Tenure and Property Rights at DAI, a Washington-based development-consulting group, from December 2011 to July 2014. He headed the USAID-funded Sudan Property Rights Program in 2010 and 2011, which helped the Government of South Sudan develop a national land policy. Dr. Lawry held senior positions in the Ford Foundation from 1992 to 2006. From 1992 to 1997 he led the Foundation\u2019s grant programs in Namibia, and from his base in Windhoek managed grants in support of South Africa\u2019s post-apartheid land reform program. He was head of the Foundation\u2019s Office for the Middle East and North Africa, in Cairo, from 1997 to 2001. He served in the Foundation\u2019s New York headquarters as Director of the Office of Management Services from 2001 to 2006. He was president of Antioch College, in Yellow Springs, Ohio, in 2006 and 2007. 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