{"id":34318,"date":"2015-10-01T10:00:15","date_gmt":"2015-10-01T03:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=34318"},"modified":"2018-02-07T14:35:28","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T07:35:28","slug":"sorotan-khusus-nol-deforestasi-satu-masalah-pelik-tiga-tantangan-besar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/34318\/sorotan-khusus-nol-deforestasi-satu-masalah-pelik-tiga-tantangan-besar","title":{"rendered":"Satu masalah pelik, tiga tantangan besar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Untuk mencapai nol deforestasi, ikatan baru perlu dirajut antar beragam level pemerintahan, sektor swasta dan masyarakat sipil. Tetapi dalam menindaklanjuti komitmen sektor-swasta, sistem insentif dan regulasi yang memperkuat pola lama harus terlebih dahulu diurai.<\/p>\n<p>Produksi daging sapi dan kacang kedelai adalah penyebab utama deforestasi di Brasil, sementara ekspansi sawit mengancam hutan dan lahan gambut Indonesia. Dua negara ini memiliki wilayah hutan terbesar di dunia \u2013 dan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/forest-resources-assessment\/explore-data\/analysis-of-the-month\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">kehilangan hutan<\/a> terluas dalam lima tahun terakhir.<\/p>\n<p>Industri kuat dan kelompok multi-pemangku kepentingan yang memiliki basis suplai ektensif di Brasil dan Indonesia menandatangani <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/climatechange\/summit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2014\/07\/New-York-Declaration-on-Forest-%E2%80%93-Action-Statement-and-Action-Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Deklarasi Hutan New York<\/a> pada 2014, berikrar membuat rantai suplai bebas-deforestasi pada 2030. Pemerintah Indonesia menandatangani deklarasi; Brasil tidak, walaupun beberapa pemerintah subnasional melakukannya.<\/p>\n<p>Sebagai tambahan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.palmoilpledge.id\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Ikrar Sawit Indonesia<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.simedarby.com\/upload\/Sustainable_Palm_Oil_Manifesto.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Manifesto Sawit Lestari<\/a>, dan kebijakan korporasi yang diumumkan oleh <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theconsumergoodsforum.com\/sustainability-strategic-focus\/climate-change\/deforestation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">perusahaan barang konsumsi<\/a> untuk membantu menghapus deforestasi dari kedelai, sawit, daging sapi, serta bubur kertas dan kertas.<\/p>\n<p>Semua mencoba memenuhi tiga tantangan yang saling tekait: mengakhiri deforestasi sambil melindungi hak tenurial lokal petani kecil dan memenuhi kebutuhan domestik dan global komoditas tersebut.<\/p>\n<p>Di sini kemudian menjadi rumit.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/supply-change.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Lingkup<\/a> komitmen tersebut, digabung dengan tujuan menjaga berkembangnya suplai, mengungkap tantangan yang dihadapi korporasi dan pemerintah di Brasil dan Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p>Korporasi bergantung pada komitmen sukarela yang memberi tambahan tekanan pada suplier untuk memotong penggundulan hutan, sementara pemerintah fokus pada kebijakan untuk mengurangi deforestasi dan melindung hak tenurial lokal, seperti sudah diadopsi pada akhir 2000-an untuk memenuhi syarat <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un-redd.org\/aboutredd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">REDD+<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>UPAYA SWASTA-PEMERINTAH DI BRASIL<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Di Brasil, rencana mengurangi deforestasi telah ada sejak 2005 dengan mengubah insentif ekonomi pendorong deforestasi dan meningkatkan kepatuhan hukum lingkungan yang berlaku.<\/p>\n<p>Sekitar 60% lahan terdeforestasi di Amazon Brasil dikuasai padang gembala untuk <a href=\"http:\/\/www.inpe.br\/cra\/projetos_pesquisas\/TerraClass_2012_26nov2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">produksi sapi<\/a>, oleh sebagian besar peternak skala medium-dan-besar. Secara kasar 20% sapi digembalakan di <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/3851\/the-complex-evolution-of-cattle-ranching-development-amid-market-integration-and-policy-shifts-in-the-brazilian-amazon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">lahan petani kecil<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Dalam sistem Brasil saat ini, pemilik lahan secara sukarela berkomitmen melindungi atau merestorasi cadangan hutan legal atau areal preservasi permanen untuk menghindari sanksi dan bisa menjual produksinya ke industri.<\/p>\n<p>Sektor swasta memainkan peran mencapai hal ini. Ketika supermarket mulai menunda kontrak dengan suplier terkait deforestasi Amazon pada 2009, industri daging sapi menekan pemilik lahan untuk mematuhi kebijakan lingkungan pemerintah, sehingga menghasilkan komitmen sukarela untuk mensuplai \u2018daging sapi legal\u2019 melalui <a href=\"http:\/\/www.zerodeforestationcattle.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">kesepakatan peternakan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Kemudian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/347\/6220\/377.short?related-urls=yes&amp;legid=sci;347\/6220\/377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">moratorium kedelai<\/a> ditandatangani pada 2006 di Negara Bagian Mato Grosso membantu membatasi ekspansi kedelai ke lahan yang telah dikonversi menjadi padang gembala, yang terjadi pada lahan perbatasan.<\/p>\n<p>Hasil beragam tindakan ini, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.obt.inpe.br\/prodes\/prodes_1988_2014.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">kecepatan deforestasi tahunan<\/a> di Amazon Brasil melorot 77% antara 2004 dan 2011, dan menjadi stabil sejak 2010 menjadi 5.000-7.000 kilometer persegi per tahun.<\/p>\n<p>Sementara deforestasi dari pemilik lahan skala medium-dan-besar turun, deforestasi tetap terjadi di <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/111\/43\/15591.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">petani kecil<\/a>. Dan industri daging sapi tidak selalu bisa menyatakan daging mana yang datang dari <a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/conl.12175\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">pemilik lahan tidak patuh<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SAWIT DI INDONESIA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Di Indonesia, total <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nclimate\/journal\/v4\/n8\/abs\/nclimate2277.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">deforestasi<\/a>  60.000 km<sup>2<\/sup> pada 2000\u20132012 dan meningkat dengan rata-rata 476 km<sup>2 <\/sup>per tahun. Pada 2012 mencapai 8.400 km<sup>2<\/sup>. Pembangunan sawit adalah penyebab utama deforestasi, khususnya di pulau Sumatera dan Kalimantan.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tropenbos.org\/publications\/oil+palm+and+land+use+change+in+indonesia,+malaysia+and+papua+new+guinea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Ekspansi <\/a>terjadi terutama dengan mengorbankan agroforestri dan perkebunan karet, hutan sekunder yang telah ditebangi, dan hutan primer dengan penebangan selektif.<\/p>\n<p>Pemerintah Indonesia mengalokasikan lahan yang dijadwalkan untuk konversi hutan melalui konsesi untuk perusahaan sawit untuk pembangunan industri sawit. Sekitar <a href=\"http:\/\/tuk.or.id\/file\/Summary%20of%20the%20tycoon%20study%20TuK%20INDONESIA%20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">25 kelompok<\/a> mendominasi pasar.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tetapi lebih dan lebih banyak <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5612\/managing-oil-palm-landscapes-a-seven-country-survey-of-the-modern-palm-oil-industry-in-southeast-asia-latin-america-and-west-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">petani kecil<\/a> mengkonversi lahan mereka menjadi perkebunan sawit yang lebih menguntungkan, dan kini mencapai lebih dari 40% total suplai. Ada beragam jenis petani kecil, dan prosesnya juga melibatkan makin berkembangnya investor lokal, pemilik lahan yang tinggal di kota serta pabrik independen, membangun jejaring luas tengkulak yang membeli dari petani kecil dan dijual ke pabrik milik perusahaan.<\/p>\n<p>Pemerintah Indonesia telah berupaya melindungi hutan primer dan lahan gambut.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/publications\/pdf_files\/WPapers\/WP-76Murdiyarso.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Moratorium<\/a> diterapkan pada 2011 dan diperpanjang dua kali. Pemerintah juga menerapkan standar wajib Sistem Sawit Lestari. Tetapi muncul kritik terhadap <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4321246\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">efektivitas moratorium<\/a>, dan terlalu dini untuk mengetahui dampak ISPO.<\/p>\n<p>Pemain utama sektor sawit mentaati tujuan nol deforestasi di bawah <a href=\"http:\/\/www.palmoilpledge.id\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Ikrar Sawit Indonesia<\/a>, dan mulai bekerja mengembangkan rantai suplai bebas-deforestasi. Walaupun pemerintah Indonesia secara terbuka <a href=\"http:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2015\/09\/indonesian-officials-resist-movement-to-end-deforestation-for-palm-oil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">menentang<\/a> ikrar tersebut, dengan salah satu alasannya akan mengancam petani kecil.<\/p>\n<div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p><strong>DILEMA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Baik Brasil maupun Indonesia, tekanan dari perusahaan barang konsumsi, industri retail dan, akhir-akhir ini, perbankan dan investor menjadi penyebab utama perubahan perilaku.<\/p>\n<p>Perusahaan sawit di Indonesia perlu menemukan cara mencapai kondisi nol deforestasi dari perusahaan barang konsumsi dan pedagang, sementara pada saat yang sama, tidak melanggar hukum Indonesia yang mewajibkan perusahaan menggunakan semua alokasi lahan untuk membangun perkebunan.<\/p>\n<p>Mereka juga perlu menyeimbangkan, mengamankan akses pasar di utara dengan berpegang pada ikrar nol deforestasi sambil menjaga pangsa di pasar kurang-bersyarat seperti China dan India, serta membuka pasar non-tradisional (mis. Pakistan dan Timur Tengah).<\/p>\n<p>Pemerintah Indonesia menghadapi tantangan lebih berat, karena tidak memiliki basis legal memperkuat inisiatif konservasi pada lahan yang dijadwalkan dikonversi menjadi sawit. Perlu juga dipastikan bahwa perusahaan yang berikrar nol-deforestasi tidak merugikan petani kecil yang ingin mengembangkan agrikultur \u2013 dan umumnya menanam sawit \u2013 untuk menyangga penghidupan mereka.<\/p>\n<p>Pada gilirannya, pemerintah Brasil menghadapi dilema melanjutkan penerapan regulasi dengan harapan bahwa industri akan berinvestasi dalam membersihkan rantai suplai, sementara pada saat yang sama memenuhi meningkatnya tuntutan atas komoditas. Dan ini tidak dapat mengambil risiko mengeluarkan peternak skala medium, yang perlu mencari cara mendapat untung tanpa mendeforestasi, dengan berinvestasi dalam praktik intensifikasi untuk mendapat lebih dari petak lahan yang sama. Petani kecil lebih terbatas lagi karena mereka seringkali tidak berdaya mengubah praktik pertanian mereka.<\/p>\n<p>Jika ada jalan keluar dari dilema ini, semua pihak akan perlu bekerja bersama.<\/p>\n<p><strong>KUNCINYA KOLABORASI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Karena deforestasi adalah masalah pelik, bahkan upaya terbaik pemerintah dan individu tidak bisa bersama melawan tantangan saling terkait ini.<\/p>\n\n<p>Pemerintah, sektor swasta dan masyarakat sipil perlu bekerja bersama untuk mengadaptasi praktik manajemen rantai suplai yang ada, sistem insentif dan regulasi.<\/p>\n<p>Di Brasil, munculnya kemitraan pemerintah-swasta mengharuskan pemilik lahan memainkan peran lebih aktif menemukan opsi intensifikasi peternakan dalam sistem produksi terintegrasi. Sementara di Indonesia, pemerintah harus mendukung sektor swasta agar tetap kompetitif sambil memetik manfaat dari lingkungan dan menciptakan inklusi sosial lebih.<\/p>\n<p>Masalahnya adalah bagaimana menangani seluruh tiga masalah pada saat yang sama \u2013 dan aturan mana  yang diikuti<\/p>\n<p>Di kedua negara, sektor pemerintah perlu membantu sektor bisnsi dengan mengurangi risiko investasi, memfasilitasi perolehan dalam hal efisiensi dan menyediakan barang publik yang meningkatkan peluang bagi petani kecil.<\/p>\n<p>Sektor swasta harus memenuhi standar rantai nilai bebas-deforestasi dengan menciptakan insentif yang memberi ganjaran pada praktik berkelanjutan, dan mekanisme meningkatkan sistem produksi petani kecil.<\/p>\n<p>Masyarakat sipil memiliki peran kunci dalam mendukung semua aksi dengan meningkatkan kesadaran pada peluang risiko, secara independen memantau manfaat, mendukung inovasi dan berbagi pelajaran yang didapat.<\/p>\n<p>Menghentikan deforestasi di hutan primer, meningkatkan manfaat bagi petani kecil, dan meningkatkan suplai untuk memenuhi meningkatnya kebutuhan: tiap tantangan ini mempengaruhi kedua lainnya.<\/p>\n<p>Masalahnya adalah bagaimana menangani semua tiga tantangan pada saat bersamaan \u2013 dan aturan mana yang diikuti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Untuk mencapai nol deforestasi, ikatan baru perlu dirajut antar beragam level pemerintahan, sektor swasta dan masyarakat sipil. Tetapi dalam menindaklanjuti komitmen sektor-swasta, sistem insentif dan regulasi yang memperkuat pola lama harus terlebih dahulu diurai. Produksi daging sapi dan kacang kedelai adalah penyebab utama deforestasi di Brasil, sementara ekspansi sawit mengancam hutan dan lahan gambut Indonesia. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":34319,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[161,13,184],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12237,12231,12215,12222],"tag-bahasa":[2688,2697,2721,2670,6035,2684,2924,6032],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[269],"class_list":["post-34318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deforestation","category-governance","category-value-chains-finance","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-latin-america","location-brazil","location-global","location-indonesia","tag-bahasa-amazon","tag-bahasa-brasil","tag-bahasa-indonesia","tag-bahasa-kepemilikan-dan-hak-atas-lahan","tag-bahasa-manifesto-sawit-lestari","tag-bahasa-nol-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-pablo-pacheco","tag-bahasa-peternakan-tradisional","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Satu masalah pelik, tiga tantangan besar - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/34318\/sorotan-khusus-nol-deforestasi-satu-masalah-pelik-tiga-tantangan-besar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Satu masalah pelik, tiga tantangan besar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Untuk mencapai nol deforestasi, ikatan baru perlu dirajut antar beragam level pemerintahan, sektor swasta dan masyarakat sipil. Tetapi dalam menindaklanjuti komitmen sektor-swasta, sistem insentif dan regulasi yang memperkuat pola lama harus terlebih dahulu diurai. Produksi daging sapi dan kacang kedelai adalah penyebab utama deforestasi di Brasil, sementara ekspansi sawit mengancam hutan dan lahan gambut Indonesia. 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