{"id":33893,"date":"2015-09-25T13:08:14","date_gmt":"2015-09-25T06:08:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=33893"},"modified":"2020-12-07T11:49:56","modified_gmt":"2020-12-07T04:49:56","slug":"detektif-hutan-menelisik-bukti-bukti-kaitan-hutan-dan-penyakit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/33893\/detektif-hutan-menelisik-bukti-bukti-kaitan-hutan-dan-penyakit","title":{"rendered":"Detektif hutan: Menelisik bukti-bukti kaitan hutan dan penyakit"},"content":{"rendered":"

Meningkatnya jumlah penelitian Kemunculan Penyakit Menular (EIDs) <\/a>menuding perubahan penggunaan lahan sebagai penyebab utama wabah infeksi.<\/p>\n

Walaupun, bukti tak terbantah \u2013 \u2018pistol berasap\u2019 \u2013 hubungan antara perubahan lahan dan EIDs tidak muncul ke permukaan.<\/p>\n

Ketika tegakkan hutan dibuka, meningkatnya kontak manusia dengan patogen<\/a> tak dikenal di hutan bisa terjadi. Tetapi menemukan jalur penyebab, bahkan bukti korelasi yang cukup, masih sulit.<\/p>\n

Tiga perempat EIDS yang dikenali, aslinya bersifat zoonotik<\/a>, ditransmisikan dari binatang ke manusia. Memahami proses alami dan kejadian kontak binatang-manusia di bawah kondisi sosio-ekologi berbeda tampaknya menjadi prioritas segera.<\/p>\n

Memahami faktor penyebab wabah dan munculnya kembali penyakit menular masih menjadi masalah ilmiah paling sulit.<\/p>\n

Jurang besar pengetahuan masih ada.<\/p>\n

Tetapi, mungkin yang lebih mengkhawatirkan, seperti dinyatakan Bruce Wilcox dan Rita Colwell<\/a>, kelangkaan informasi ini karena cara pandang kita terhadap patogen. Mereka menawarkan paradigma baru penelitian interdisipliner, yang menempatkan patogen tidak terisolasi, karena penyakit, masalah lingkungan, selain juga pembangunan ekonomi, pemanfaatan dan tata kelola lahan yang berkelindan memerlukan solusi lintas-sektor.<\/p>\n

Jadi, untuk mampu memperdiksi di manaEID bisa muncul, kita harus memahami bagaimana tingkat reservoar alami dan kecepatan transmisi dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan, fisik, sosial dan ekonomi serta interaksi mereka.<\/p>\n

Untuk kita yang terbenam dengan menjamin pemanfaatan hutan lestari, perhatian besarnya apakah kita mampu menjaga jika kecepatan deforestasi atau fragmentasi hutan tropis meningkatkan peluang kemunculan EID.<\/p>\n

Penelitian yang mendalami kemunculan penyakit menular secara holistik, mengacu pada biokompleksitas Wilcox dan Colweel, dapat membantu kita menemukan apakah proses munculnya penyakit ditengaruhi oleh perubahan demografi, konsumsi dan produksi sampah populasi manusia dan dampaknya \u2013 urbanisasi, ekspansi dan intensifikasi pertanian, dan alterasi habitat hutan.<\/p>\n

Jadi, kemana kita pergi dari sini? Adakah potensi hubungan antara deforestasi atau fragmentasi habitat dan kemunculan EIDs?<\/p>\n

KETIKA HUTAN BERTEMU MANUSIA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dua sumber informasi terbaru dapat membantu mengawali penyatuan puzlle: pengetahuan kita mengenai fragmentasi hutan dunia, dan distribusil global EIDs.<\/p>\n

Peta resolusi tinggi tutupan pohon global yang baru-baru ini dipublikasikan oleh Joseph Sexton dan kawan-kawan<\/a> pada 2013 serta timnya Nick Haddad<\/a> pada 2015 mengungkap bahwa hampir 20 persen sisa hutan dunia hanya berjarak 100 meter ke ujung hutan, dan lebih dari 70 persen hutan dunia berada dalam rentang 1 kilometer ke ujungnya.<\/p>\n

Ini menempatkan hutan dalam jangkauan aktivitas manusia, perubahan mikro-iklim, dan spesies non-hutan yang bisa mempengaruhi ekosistem alami.<\/p>\n

Kate Jones dan kawan-kawans<\/a> dalam tulisan Nature<\/em> pada 2013, menarik basis data dari \u2018kejadian\u2019 EID antara 1940 dan 2004, menunjukkan pola global nyata, mayoritas kejadian (71,8 persen) berasal dari alam liar.<\/p>\n

Tetapi, apakah kejadian EID dimungkinkan oleh fragmentasi hutan? Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa EID biasanya merupakan akibat perubahan antropogenik dan demografik, tetapi kekayaan spesies asli alam adalah penduga signifikan munculnya zoonotik EIDs, tanpa peran pertumbuhan populasi manusia, ketinggian atau curah hujan.<\/p>\n

HUTAN, BINATANG, EBOLA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Masalah EIDs, manusia, kondisi hutan dan hewan (khususnya hewan buruan) belum pernah dalam sorotan sejak munculnya penyakit virus Ebola (EVD)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

EVD ditularkan kepada manusia dari hewan liar dan penyebaran dalam populasi manusia melalui transmisi manusia-manusia. Penjelasan mengenai mewabahnya EVD beredar, tetapi tidak satu pun yang pasti.<\/p>\n

Kaitan antara mewabahnya EVD dan deforestasi diterapkan, dengan entitas seperti World Health Organization (WHO)<\/a> menyatakan (meskipun secara implisit) bahwa hilangnya hutan secara potensial menginfeksi hewan liar dan manusia dalam kontak lebih besar.<\/p>\n

Walaupun kontak langsung dengan beragam spesies mamalia \u2013 mis. primata non-manusia, gorila, simpanse dan rusa<\/a> (transmisi hanya terkait dengan kelompok taksonomi ini) \u2013 telah ditunjukkan sebagai penyebab utama lompatan penyakit ke manusia, kelelawar secara khusus sering disebut sebagai reservoar paling memungkinkan untuk virus Ebola.<\/p>\n

Baru-baru ini, beberapa peneliti menawarkan, walaupun belum terbukti, dalam distrik Gueckedou<\/a> \u2013 di mana wabah Guinea berawal \u2013 kontak dengan koloni kelelawar pemakan serangga tak-berekor mungkin menjadi penyebab wabah akibat hilangnya hutan.<\/p>\n

Walaupun yang lain menentang hal itu karena hutan Guinea atas merupakan mosaik hutan dinamis, savana dan pertanian selama bertahun-tahun, orang di wilayah ini telah lama berkohabitasi dengan kelelawar, tampaknya bukan deforestasi\/fragmentasi yang menjadi penyebab mewabahnya EVD.<\/p>\n

Mengingat manusia dan kera besar telah lama tinggal bersama kelelawar beratus tahun, menuding gangguan habitat sebagai penyebab utama munculnya virus Ebola dalam spesies ini mungkin terlalu menyederhanakan dan bisa mengabaikan penyebab utama lain yang mungkin ada.<\/p>\n

Di lain pihak, wacana yang mengklaim bahwa kecepatan dan ketakterdugaan deforestasi bisa mengarah pada wabah EVD bisa benar.<\/p>\n

Tetapi, bagaimana ini bekerja?<\/p>\n

Penelitian oleh Yayasan Environmental Resources Management (ERM)<\/a> menyatakan bahwa fragmentasi hutan mengubah dinamika gerakan alam liar dalam hutan terfragmentasi; hutan terfragmentasi seringkali adalah wilayah dengan lebih banyak orang, jadi kontak antara manusia dan reservoar potensial atau spesies pembawa bisa meningkat.<\/p>\n

Penelitian ini, yang juga membandingkan pola fragmentasi hutan di enam lokasi wabah EVD dengan sampel luar wilayah yang dipilih secara acak, menemukan bahwa fragmentasi hutan lebih tinggi dalam lokasi EVD. Kesimpulan penulis laporan ERM dari hasil ini, adalah bahwa fragmentasi hutan, dalam mempengaruhi kebiasaan kelelawar mencari makan dan bersarang, bisa secara tidak langsung bertanggungjawab atas meningkatnya pertemuan kelelawar-manusia, dan akibatnya meningkatkan risiko EVD.<\/p>\n

Laporan ERM juga menawarkan saran bahwa fragmentasi habitat bisa mendorong kelimpahan pemangsa lebih kecil (terkait dengan hilangnya fauna berbadan besar), yang jika diburu akan meningkatkan kontak dengan hewan liar.<\/p>\n

Penelitian ini merupakan yang pertama secara empirik memeriksa peluang hubungan antara kondisi hutan dan wabah EVD. Tetapi lebih banyak pekerjaan perlu dilakukan, kata penulis itu sendiri.<\/p>\n

Kita harus, tidak hanya meningkatkan sampel lokasi wabah EVD untuk diteliti, tetapi juga menguji rangkaian hipotesis alternatif untuk menginvestigasi apakah faktor tunggal atau beragam terkait wabah EVD.<\/p>\n

Jam berdetak dan ada urgensi saling mengetahui lebih dalam jika memang ada kaitan antara wabah Ebola virus dan deforestasi\/fragmentasi hutan, konsumsi hewan buruan dan menangani daging hewan liar.<\/p>\n

Jika kaitan ini tervalidasi secara memuaskan, temuan itu bisa menjadi pintu masuk untuk lebih jauh memahami kondisi meningkatnya risiko wabah ebola dan menawarkan strategi mitigasi yang layak.<\/p>\n

John Fa adalah Mitra Peneliti Utama CIFOR dan Profesor Keragaman Hayati dan Pembangunan Manusia di Manchester Metropolitan University. Hubungi John di <\/strong>jfa949@gmail.com<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Robert Nasi menjabat Wakil Direktur Penelitian umum CIFOR. Hubungi Robert di <\/strong>r.nasi@cgiar.org<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Meningkatnya jumlah penelitian Kemunculan Penyakit Menular (EIDs) menuding perubahan penggunaan lahan sebagai penyebab utama wabah infeksi. Walaupun, bukti tak terbantah \u2013 \u2018pistol berasap\u2019 \u2013 hubungan antara perubahan lahan dan EIDs tidak muncul ke permukaan. Ketika tegakkan hutan dibuka, meningkatnya kontak manusia dengan patogen tak dikenal di hutan bisa terjadi. Tetapi menemukan jalur penyebab, bahkan bukti […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":85,"featured_media":35697,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215,12222],"tag-bahasa":[2497,2522,2529,2489,2569,2553],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[851,10220],"class_list":["post-33893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","location-indonesia","tag-bahasa-daging-satwa-liar","tag-bahasa-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-ebola","tag-bahasa-keanekaragaman-hayati","tag-bahasa-kesehatan","tag-bahasa-makanan-hutan","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDetektif hutan: Menelisik bukti-bukti kaitan hutan dan penyakit - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/33893\/detektif-hutan-menelisik-bukti-bukti-kaitan-hutan-dan-penyakit\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Detektif hutan: Menelisik bukti-bukti kaitan hutan dan penyakit\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Meningkatnya jumlah penelitian Kemunculan Penyakit Menular (EIDs) menuding perubahan penggunaan lahan sebagai penyebab utama wabah infeksi. 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