{"id":33310,"date":"2015-09-11T12:22:45","date_gmt":"2015-09-11T05:22:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=33310"},"modified":"2018-02-07T15:51:22","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T08:51:22","slug":"bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/33310\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan","title":{"rendered":"Bisakah REDD+ melawan gelombang penguasaan elit atas manfaat hutan?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>REDD+ adalah upaya internasional terkoordinasi terbesar dalam membalikkan tren deforestasi dan degradasi hutan secara global. REDD+ tetap menjadi satu item paling dominan dalam agenda <a href=\"http:\/\/unfccc.int\/land_use_and_climate_change\/redd\/items\/7377.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB mengenai Perubahan Iklim (UNFCCC).<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sejak <a href=\"http:\/\/unfccc.int\/kyoto_protocol\/items\/2830.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Protokol Kyoto<\/a> pada 1997, negara-negara memiliki ikatan kewajiban legal mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca; seperti dicatat IPCC, reduksi dan pencegahan deforestasi adalah solusi paling segera mengamankan stok karbon dunia dan mengurangi emisi global.<\/p>\n<p>REDD+ berakar dalam Protokol Kyoto, dan mengalami banyak revisi sepanjang Konferensi Para Pihak (COP) UNFCCC tahunan.<\/p>\n<p>Dengan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cop21paris.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">COP21<\/a> dijadwalkan berlangsung di Paris pada Desember, dan berakhirnya Protokol Kyoto, ini saatnya mengumpulkan apa yang dapat dipelajari dari REDD+ sejauh ini.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/redd-benefit-sharing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Sebaran manfaat<\/a> adalah satu aspek REDD+ yang mendapat banyak perhatian. Meningkatnya pengakuan bahwa kesetaraan distribusi manfaat proyek menjadi penting bagi keberhasilan REDD+.<\/p>\n<p>Namun, REDD+ masih menghadapi beberapa risiko dalam hal memburuknya ketidakadilan yang terjadi saat ini.<\/p>\n<p>Dalam persiapan menghadapi COP21, penting untuk mengkaji keberhasilan sebaran manfaat REDD+ dan melihat area mana yang perlu lebih diperhatikan dalam disain proyek masa datang.<\/p>\n<p>Kurangnya bukti dari proyek ketika peserta dihargai dari performanya berarti bahwa sedikit pelajaran empirik bisa diambil dari tahap pengembangan REDD+ ini.<\/p>\n<p>Kritik terhadap <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/25637\/survey-highlights-redd-controversies-over-community-monitoring#.Vcr-waaqqko\">REDD yang secara tak sengaja memperburuk ketidakadilan yang ada<\/a>; temuan menunjukkan bahwa ketika hak tenurial (de jure an de fakto) secara legal terdefinisi dan terjaga dalam praktiknya, memungkinkan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/16692\/tenure-security-and-economic-interest-add-up-to-redd-effectiveness-study#.VcsAHKaqqko\">sebaran manfaat lebih adil<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5569\/benefit-sharing-among-local-resource-users-the-role-of-property-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Penelitian terbaru<\/a> menggunakan dua kumpulan data besar mengeksplorasi bagaimana hak tenurial mempengaruhi sebaran manfaat. Kumpulan data pertama diambil dari Institusi dan Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional mencakup 582 catatan produk hutan dari 350 kelompok pengguna di 14 negara berkembang Afrika, Asia dan Amerika Latin.<\/p>\n<p>Penelitian ini menunjukkan, ketika hak bersama memanfaatkan produk hutan terjaga, manfaat produk hutan terdistribusi secara adil kepada para individu yang berpartisipasi.<\/p>\n<p>Namun, temuan ini bergantung pada tingkat keragaman etnik kelompok pengambil manfaat. Pada tingkat keragaman etnik lebih tinggi, ditemukan keadilan lebih rendah dalam distribusi manfaat dan begitu sebaliknya.<\/p>\n<p>Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proyek REDD+ di area dengan keragaman etnik memerlukan tindakan penguatan lebih untuk mencegah <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/poverty-matters\/2013\/nov\/13\/development-jargon-decoded-elite-capture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">penguasaan elit<\/a> oleh kelompok etnik tertentu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>MENGAPA HASIL INI PENTING BAGI REDD+?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bahkan dalam konteks ketika kepemilikan lahan jelas, distribusi hak memanfaatkan produk hutan, seperti kayu dan kayu bakar, bisa tetap tidak jelas.<\/p>\n<p>Hal ini penting bagi perancangan efektif mekanisme sebaran manfaat, karena dengan tenurial terjaga dengan tanpa hak pemanfaatan terdefinisi jelas, orang bisa ditinggalkan tanpa potongan kue penghidupan hasil hutan yang layak.<\/p>\n<p>Hak pemanfaatan yang tak terdefinisi dalam REDD+ memberi ruang bagi elit menguasai dan memperbesar ketidakadilan ekonomi masyarakat bergantung-hutan. Sementara mengamankan hak pemanfaatan hasil hutan diperlukan, keberhasilan ini bergantung pada keragaman etnik lokal.<\/p>\n<p>Sementara memperkuat hak kepemilikan dan pemanfaatan penting, secara sendiri hal ini menyelesaikan masalah ketidakadilan etnik. Ketidakseimbangan perlu dikenali dan dihitung dalam merancang mekanisme sebaran-manfaat.<\/p>\n<p>Jika tidak, upaya mengamankan hak hanya akan berdampak terbatas pada peningkatan mekanisme sebaran-manfaat.<\/p>\n<p>Hak yang terdefinisi jelas atas produk hutan, seperti buah, kacang-kacangan, tanaman obat, kayu bakar atau kayu, bisa berbentuk ijin pemerintah, hak de fakto memanfaatkan atau pengakuan legal kelompok pengguna.<\/p>\n<p><strong>AKANKAH REDD+ MEMPERDALAM JURANG KETIDAKADILAN?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hal terkait lain yang akan menjadi penelitian terpublikasi (dengan judul seperti di atas) menilai apakah manfaat dari proyek REDD+ akan terdistribusi merata di antara masyarakat bergantung hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Penelitian menganalisa distribusi penghasilan hutan terkait aset non-lahan (seperti ternak dan peralatan pertanian) dan membandingkannya dengan tingkat persepsi keamanan tenurial. Distribusi penghasilan hutan dipandang sebagai indikator distribusi manfaat proyek REDD+ ketika diwujudkan.<\/p>\n<p>Dari sebuah analisis 17 lokasi subnasional di 130 desa di enam negara Afrika, Asia dan Amerika Latih, ditemukan bahwa tingkat lebih tinggi persepsi ketidakamanan tenurial dan ketidakadilan penghasilan berkorelasi terhadap desa yang memiliki wilayah lahan luas dan aset non-lahan lebih besar.<\/p>\n<p>Ditemukan pula bahwa dalam kondisi proporsi lahan berhutan lebih tinggi dibanding lahan tak berhutan mengalami keamanan tenurial lebih rendah.<\/p>\n<p>Hubungan yang tampak antara ketidaksetaraan kekayaan yang ada dengan sebaran manfaat penghasilan hasil hutan juga ditemukan. Tingginya ketidakadilan dalam aset non-lahan ditemukan berkorelasi dengan tingginya ketidakadilan distribusi penghasilan dari hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Konsekuensinya, introduksi pembayaran REDD+ di wilayah disparitas tampaknya akan memperlebar jurang kecuali rancangan proyek disesuaikan.<\/p>\n<p><em>Jadi dapatkah REDD-plus mengubah gelompang melawan penguasaan elit\/distribusi manfaat tak-adil? Mungkin tidak.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Temuan penelitian yang mengumpulkan data dari beragam negara ini, menambah bobot seruan untuk menangani ketidakadilan kesejahteraan yang ada menjelang introduksi REDD+.<\/p>\n<p>Walaupun berada di luar jangkauan REDD+ dalam mengobati ketidakadilan dalam masyarakat, menjadi penting bahwa disparitas yang ada ditangani untuk menghindari situasi dimana ketidakseimbangan aktif sosial, etnik dan ekonomi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Esther Mwangi adalah peneliti utama CIFOR berbasis di Nairobi, memiliki spesialisasi dalam hak properti dan tenurial. Untuk berdiskusi mengenai berbagai aspek artikel di atas, silahkan hubungi <\/strong><a href=\"mailto:e.mwangi@cgiar.org\"><strong>e.mwangi@cgiar.org<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Isla Duporge saat ini bersama CIFOR, Nairobi. Ia tengah melakukan penelitian untuk gelar MSc dalam bidang Pembangunan Berkelanjutan dan Ilmu Lingkungan. Silahkan hubungi Isla di <\/strong><a href=\"mailto:islacduporge@googlemail.com\">islacduporge@googlemail.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Krister Andersson adalah profesor Ilmu Politik Universitas Colorado, Boulder, spesialisasi dalam politik dan tata kelola lingkungan. Silahkan hubungi Krister di <\/strong><a href=\"mailto:Krister.Andersson@Colorado.edu\">Krister.Andersson@Colorado.edu<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>REDD+ adalah upaya internasional terkoordinasi terbesar dalam membalikkan tren deforestasi dan degradasi hutan secara global. REDD+ tetap menjadi satu item paling dominan dalam agenda Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB mengenai Perubahan Iklim (UNFCCC). Sejak Protokol Kyoto pada 1997, negara-negara memiliki ikatan kewajiban legal mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca; seperti dicatat IPCC, reduksi dan pencegahan deforestasi adalah [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":113,"featured_media":33145,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,182,161,173,95,11,151,184],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215,12222],"tag-bahasa":[2516,2670,2520,2575,2590,2819,2538,2584,2554],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1260,4337,4338],"class_list":["post-33310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-community-forestry","category-deforestation","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-human-wellbeing","category-mrv-2","category-redd-2","category-value-chains-finance","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","location-indonesia","tag-bahasa-kehutanan-masyarakat","tag-bahasa-kepemilikan-dan-hak-atas-lahan","tag-bahasa-konservasi","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-adat","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-lokal","tag-bahasa-redd","tag-bahasa-target-pengurangan-emisi","tag-bahasa-tata-guna-lahan","tag-bahasa-tata-kelola-hutan","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bisakah REDD+ melawan gelombang penguasaan elit atas manfaat hutan? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/33310\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bisakah REDD+ melawan gelombang penguasaan elit atas manfaat hutan?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"REDD+ adalah upaya internasional terkoordinasi terbesar dalam membalikkan tren deforestasi dan degradasi hutan secara global. REDD+ tetap menjadi satu item paling dominan dalam agenda Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB mengenai Perubahan Iklim (UNFCCC). Sejak Protokol Kyoto pada 1997, negara-negara memiliki ikatan kewajiban legal mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca; seperti dicatat IPCC, reduksi dan pencegahan deforestasi adalah [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/33310\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-09-11T05:22:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-02-07T08:51:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/5656293999_a728f82c32_b1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"332\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Esther Mwangi, Isla Duporge, Krister Andersson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Esther_Fahari\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/33310\\\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/33310\\\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Esther Mwangi\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d24af571f59c98093c1f54c14b06fb99\"},\"headline\":\"Bisakah REDD+ melawan gelombang penguasaan elit atas manfaat hutan?\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-09-11T05:22:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-07T08:51:22+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/33310\\\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan\"},\"wordCount\":804,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/33310\\\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2012\\\/05\\\/5656293999_a728f82c32_b1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change &amp; energy\",\"Community forestry\",\"Deforestation\",\"Gender, justice &amp; tenure\",\"Human well-being\",\"MRV\",\"REDD+\",\"Value chains &amp; finance\"],\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/33310\\\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2015\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/33310\\\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/33310\\\/bisakah-redd-melawan-gelombang-penguasaan-elit-atas-manfaat-hutan\",\"name\":\"Bisakah REDD+ melawan gelombang penguasaan elit atas manfaat hutan? 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