{"id":29051,"date":"2015-06-11T14:50:17","date_gmt":"2015-06-11T07:50:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=29051"},"modified":"2018-02-07T15:56:36","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T08:56:36","slug":"isu-perempuan-dalam-maraknya-perkebunan-sawit-di-kalimantan-barat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/29051\/isu-perempuan-dalam-maraknya-perkebunan-sawit-di-kalimantan-barat","title":{"rendered":"Isu perempuan dan maraknya perkebunan sawit di Kalimantan Barat"},"content":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indonesia \u2014 Ibu Lila naik turun bukit di antara barisan sawit, membawa 18 kilogram pupuk dalam keranjang yang diselendangkan di bahunya.<\/p>\n

Jika ia memenuhi kuota, menebar 350 kilogram pupuk di sekitar 175 sawit, ia akan dibayar Rp 35.000 (2,71 dolar AS) hari ini.<\/p>\n

\u201cSeringkali ketika mengangkut pupuk itu saya merasa tidak kuat lagi melakukannya, saya lelah sekali,\u201d kata Lila (nama aslinya diganti untuk melindungi identitasnya)<\/p>\n

\u201cSaya pusing ketika menghirup baunya, mata bengkak, saya menangis sampai malam.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ini pekerjaan yang mematahkan pinggang, tetapi Lila merasa seakan tidak ada jalan keluar. Kerja di perkebunan adalah satu-satunya kesempatan agar anaknya tetap bersekolah di SMA.<\/p>\n

Ibu Lila tinggal di kampung kecil di tengah perkebunan sawit di Meliau, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia \u2013 lahan yang sejak 1980 dikembangkan untuk sawit secara ekstensif.<\/p>\n

Ia bukan satu-satunya kisah sawit di wilayah tersebut. Keluarga petani kecil mandiri juga mengembangkan tanaman itu\u2014dan jika mereka memiliki cukup lahan dan meragamkan tanaman mereka untuk padi dan karet, sawit dapat membantu mereka sejahtera.<\/p>\n

Penelitian baru<\/a> dari Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional (CIFOR)<\/a> menginvestigasi dampak sosial sawit di Meliau sebagai bagian inisitiatif lebih besar CIFOR untuk memahami dimensi jender ekspansi sawit di Kalimantan.<\/p>\n

Ketika industri mempromosikan pekerjaan dan pencaharian petani kecil, dan LSM mengingatkan akan meluasnya degradasi lingkungan, ada perspektif yang hilang, kata ilmuwan CIFOR Bimbika Sijapati Basnett, yang membantu memantau penelitian ini.<\/p>\n

\u201cMemahami siapa yang menang dan siapa yang kalah, dan bagaimana ini bergeser seiring waktu, membantu pemerintah memilih intervensi dan kebijakan lebih bernuansa,\u201d katanya.<\/p>\n

Penulis laporan, ahli antropologi Tania Li, dari Universitas Toronto, menyatakan penelitian menemukan bahwa manfaat sosial dan ekonomi sawit memang nyata, tetapi terbatas pada kelompok sosial tertentu.<\/p>\n

\u201cAda pemenang dan ada pecundang, tetapi ini tidak random,\u201d katanya. \u201cAda proses sangat teridentifikasi di lapangan yang akan menempatkan orang pada satu titik pada spektrum itu, dan kita bisa mengidentifikasinya.\u201d<\/p>\n

KISAH DUA MODEL<\/strong><\/p>\n

Separuh dari total wilayah<\/a> yang ditanami sawit di Indonesia dipelihara oleh petani kecil<\/p>\n

Menurut riset, sawit menawarkan kemakmuran dan pemberdayaan bagi pemempuan dan lelaki \u2014 dengan sejumlah lahan tertentu dan dukungan pemerintah.<\/p>\n

Di sebagian besar Indonesia, tingkat kemitraan suami-istri sangat tinggi. Jika Anda memberi akses cukup bagi mereka untuk mengelola tanaman ini, mereka bisa melakukannya dengan baik<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cDi sebagian besar Indonesia, tingkat kemitraan suami-istri sangat tinggi. Mereka bekerja bersama mencukupi kebutuhan rumah tangga. Jika Anda memberi akses cukup bagi mereka untuk mengelola tanaman, mereka akan melakukannya dengan baik,\u201d kata Li.<\/p>\n

Tetapi tidak semua petani kecil punya cukup akses.<\/p>\n

Ada dua model di Kalimantan \u2014 petani mandiri, dan petani kecil dibantu ikatan kontrak dengan perusahaan perkebunan besar untuk mengelola perkebunan inti dan pabrik.<\/p>\n

Di Meliau, banyak orang membantu skema ini yaitu para migran dari wilayah lain di Indonesia yang datang awal 1990-an. Perusahaan swasta memberi setiap pasangan berupa lahan dua hektar dan mewajibkan mereka menanam sawit.<\/p>\n

Dua puluh tahun setelah skema dimulai, mayoritas migran tetap hanya memiliki satu petak lahan dan sekadar mengais.<\/p>\n

\u201cLahan sawit dua hektar tidak cukup untuk hidup, dan mereka sulit mempertahankannya,\u201d kata Li. \u201cJika hanya itu aset Anda, dan sekadar cukup memenuhi kebutuhan, ketika ada masalah, katakanlah sakit, tidak ada pilihan kecuali menggadaikan atau menjual lahan.\u201d<\/p>\n

Petani mandiri yang bisa meragamkan sawit dengan sistem pertanian campuran karet dan beras lebih aman, katanya.<\/p>\n

\u201cApa yang saya takutkan adalah ketika orang yang hanya punya sepetak sawit, kemudian tiba saat harga sawit turun, mereka akan kehilangan lahan mereka,\u201d katanya.<\/p>\n

\u201cModel ini menempatkan masyarakat dalam situasi sangat rentan.\u201d<\/p>\n

PEREMPUAN TAK BERLAHAN PALING TERPUKUL<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dan model ini membuat sebagian pekerja lebih rentan lagi, kata Li.<\/p>\n

Pada awal 1980, ketika perusahaan minyak sawit pertama pemerintah dibangun di Meliau, pasangan suami istri dari Jawa berdatangan menyusul janji pekerjaan tetap dengan gaji cukup, rumah gratis, makanan ransum dan perawatan kesehatan.<\/p>\n

Dua hektar lahan sawit sebagai \u2026.aset tunggal Anda, dan sekadar cukup memenuhi kebutuhan, ketika ada masalah, katakanlah sakit, tidak ada pilihan kecuali menggadai atau menjual lahan.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kondisi yang hanya dimiliki sebagian pekerja, bertahan satu generasi, menurut Li terus menurun. Perusahaan mengurangi jumlah pekerja tetap dan makin menggantungkan diri pada pekerja \u201ckasual\u201d, yang tidak punya pilihan kecuali bekerja dalam kondisi berbahaya dan tidak aman.<\/p>\n

Li meyakini, tren ini tidak hanya khas Meliau, tetapi merupakan konsekuensi tak terhindarkan model perkebunan.<\/p>\n

\u201cSeiring waktu, ketika lahan menyempit dan bentang alam tersesaki, buruh makin putus asa,\u201d katanya. \u201cIni bukan soal perkebunan liar atau perusahaan jahat yang harus dikikis\u2014pembangunan perkebunan secara intrinsik akan menghasilkan masalah ini, bagaimanapun baiknya perusahaan. Perusahaan harus untung, dan satu caranya adalah mengurangi biaya buruh sebisa mungkin.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dinamika ini mempengaruhi orang secara berbeda berdasar jender dan etnisitas.<\/p>\n

Perusahaan dalam wilayah penelitian sebelumnya merekrut pasangan, kini mereka cenderung membayar lelaki migran sebagai pemetik dan etnik lokal dayak dan perempuan Melayu tak memiliki lahan menjalankan tugas perawatan, kata Li.<\/p>\n

Perempuan yang tak mempunyai kebun seperti Ibu Lila berdiri sebagai pihak paling dirugikan dalam sistem ini,\u201d kata Li.<\/p>\n

\u201cKampung yang terserak di sudut dan celah sekitar perkebunan dipenuhi perempuan yang sangat perlu kerja\u201d kata Li. \u201cArtinya mereka dapat ditarik ke kerja perkebunan nyaris dalam kondisi apapun. Ini membuat situasi perempuan sulit.\u201d<\/p>\n

WAKTUNYA MEMIKIRKAN JENDER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Li percaya bahwa debat tentang masa depan sawit seharusnya juga menghitung dampak sosial model perkebunan.<\/p>\n

\u201cTidak ada satupun alasan teknis mengapa sawit harus ditanam di perkebunan,\u201d katanya.<\/p>\n

Jender sebenarnya memberi pandangan menarik untuk memeriksa masalah disposesi. Ini wilayah baru yang penting <\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cPetani kecil mau melakukannya, dan mereka cukup efisien jika mereka diberi bibit berkualitas dan akses ke jalan dan pabrik.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sementara sampai tahap itu, untuk mengurangi ancaman sosial, regulasi lebih kuat diperlukan untuk melindungi pekerja perempuan, katanya. Li juga merekomendasikan pemerintah mengkaji skema petani kecil terbantu yang ada, dan merancang program baru guna mendukung petani kecil mandiri.<\/p>\n

Literatur mengenai sawit di Indonesia didominasi oleh penelitian dampak lingkungan, kata peneliti CIFOR, Basnett.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnda perlu memberi perhatian tidak hanya pada deforestasi tetapi juga apa yang terjadi pada orang \u2014 dan meninjau potensi timbal-balik antara hak, efisiensi ekonomi dan manfaat lingkungan,\u201d katanya.<\/p>\n

\u201cJender sebenarnya memberi kacamata menarik untuk mengeksaminasi masalah disposesi ini \u2026 ini wilayah baru yang penting.\u201d<\/p>\n

Untuk informasi lebih mengenai karya CIFOR dalam jender dan sawit, silahkan hubungi Bimbika Sijapati Basnett di <\/strong>B.Basnet@cgiar.org<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Penelitian CIFOR mengenai sawit dan jender di Kalimantan Barat merupakan bagian dari <\/em>Program Penelitian CGIAR mengenai Hutan, Pohon dan Agroforestri<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indonesia \u2014 Ibu Lila naik turun bukit di antara barisan sawit, membawa 18 kilogram pupuk dalam keranjang yang diselendangkan di bahunya. Jika ia memenuhi kuota, menebar 350 kilogram pupuk di sekitar 175 sawit, ia akan dibayar Rp 35.000 (2,71 dolar AS) hari ini. \u201cSeringkali ketika mengangkut pupuk itu saya merasa tidak kuat lagi melakukannya, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":28983,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,173,95,1072,184],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12222],"tag-bahasa":[3008,2560,2803,2616,4415,2589,3767,2626,2659,3016],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[545],"class_list":["post-29051","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-human-wellbeing","category-landscapes","category-value-chains-finance","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-indonesia","tag-bahasa-bimbika-sijapati-basnett","tag-bahasa-jender","tag-bahasa-kalimantan-barat","tag-bahasa-kelapa-sawit","tag-bahasa-lahan-sawit","tag-bahasa-mata-pencaharian","tag-bahasa-pemberdayaan-perempuan","tag-bahasa-perkebunan","tag-bahasa-petani-kecil","tag-bahasa-tania-li","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIsu perempuan dan maraknya perkebunan sawit di Kalimantan Barat - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/29051\/isu-perempuan-dalam-maraknya-perkebunan-sawit-di-kalimantan-barat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Isu perempuan dan maraknya perkebunan sawit di Kalimantan Barat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indonesia \u2014 Ibu Lila naik turun bukit di antara barisan sawit, membawa 18 kilogram pupuk dalam keranjang yang diselendangkan di bahunya. 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