{"id":27165,"date":"2015-03-12T14:19:33","date_gmt":"2015-03-12T07:19:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=27165"},"modified":"2015-10-13T16:27:14","modified_gmt":"2015-10-13T09:27:14","slug":"di-amerika-selatan-emisi-karbon-naik-saat-hutan-padang-rumput-berubah-menjadi-lahan-pertanian-riset","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/27165\/di-amerika-selatan-emisi-karbon-naik-saat-hutan-padang-rumput-berubah-menjadi-lahan-pertanian-riset","title":{"rendered":"Di Amerika Selatan, emisi karbon naik saat hutan, padang rumput berubah menjadi lahan pertanian: Riset"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>BOGOR, Indonesia \u2014 Konversi padang rumput menjadi lahan pertanian telah melepaskan lebih banyak karbon tanah di beberapa padang rumput Amerika Selatan selama 40 tahun silam dibandingkan dengan konversi hutan menjadi padang rumput selama tiga abad sebelumnya, menurut sebuah laporan baru.<\/p>\n<p>Karbon tanah yang hilang, selain menyebabkan degradasi lahan dan merusak keanekaragaman hayati, emisi karbonnya juga berkontribusi pada perubahan iklim.<\/p>\n<p>Dengan ditetapkannya 2015 sebagai <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/soils-2015\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Tahun Tanah Internasional PBB<\/a>, buku di mana laporan tersebut dipublikasikan, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cabi.org\/bookshop\/book\/9781780645322\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><em>Soil Carbon: Science, Management and Policy for Multiple Benefits<\/em><\/a><em>,<\/em> telah diluncurkan pada waktu yang tepat.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKita tidak terlalu memperhatikan untuk mengembalikan ke tanah apa yang telah kita ambil,\u201d ujar Christopher Martius, peneliti utama  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional<\/a> (CIFOR). &#8220;Lebih mudah mempertahankan karbon di tanah daripada mengumpulkannya lagi. Ada berbagai teknologi dan pendekatan yang dapat membantu, namun hal-hal tersebut memerlukan kondisi perubahan pola pikir, investasi dan kebijakan yang tepat.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Uraian lengkap riset<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5330\/impacts-of-land-use-change-on-carbon-stocks-and-dynamics-in-central-southern-south-american-biomes-cerrado-atlantic-forest-and-southern-grasslands\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Dampak Perubahan tata guna lahan terhadap stok karbon dan dinamikanya di Bioma Amerika Selatan Tengah-selatan.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sebelumnya, Christopher bekerja dengan rekan-rekan sekerja Brasil dan Argentina melalui <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iai.int\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research<\/a> (IAI) di S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brasil, yang mengkaji dampak perubahan tata guna lahan terhadap stok karbon di tiga bioma yang berbeda di Amerika Selatan bagian selatan tengah: sabana <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/17315\/between-the-amazon-and-the-atlantic-brazils-threatened-savannas\">Cerrado di Brasil<\/a>, padang rumput Pampa di Argentina, dan \u201chutan Atlantik\u201d di wilayah pantai timur. Tulisan mereka, &#8220;<a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5330\/impacts-of-land-use-change-on-carbon-stocks-and-dynamics-in-central-southern-south-american-biomes-cerrado-atlantic-forest-and-southern-grasslands\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Impacts of Land-use Change on Carbon Stocks and Dynamics in Central-southern South American Biomes<\/a>,\u201d merupakan salah satu dari 31 bab di dalamnya.<\/p>\n<p><strong>KUARTET <\/strong><strong>PELAKU<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Para penulis tersebut melaporkan bahwa empat sektor pertanian telah melakukan perusakan yang paling hebat terhadap tanah: komoditas seperti kacang kedelai; kayu semacam eukaliptus dan pinus; ternak, dan bahan bakar hayati yang dibuat dari tebu.<\/p>\n<p>Selama 30 tahun silam, catat mereka, daerah untuk tanaman kedelai di Pampa Argentina hampir mencapai empat kali lipat, dan telah meluas hampir 10 kali di Cerrado Brasil. Daerah penanaman tebu di Brasil telah hampir dua kali lipat dalam 20 tahun silam.<\/p>\n<p>Secara umum, semua konversi dari vegetasi alamiah menjadi sistem lahan pertanian mengarah pada kehilangan stok karbon tanah yang signifikan. Di wilayah Pampa di cekungan Sungai La Plata, catatan dari para penulis, konversi menjadi perkebunan telah mengurangi stok karbon sampai lebih dari 29 juta metrik ton per tahun selama 25 tahun silam.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Bila Anda secara konstan memberdayagunakan bumi, maka Anda memaparkan karbon tanah terhadap degradasi,&#8221; ujar Martius. \u201cItulah sebabnya mengapa salah satu rekomendasi kami adalah untuk mengadopsi konservasi, atau pertanian <a href=\"http:\/\/research.wsu.edu\/resources\/files\/no-till.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">tanpa-olah<\/a>. Dengan pendekatan ini, para petani mengurangi hitungan kali mereka membajak dan berusaha mempertahankan sebanyak mungkin residu tanaman di tanah.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>JANGAN MELARANG PEMBAKARAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sementara pertanian konservasi sering kali digembar-gemborkan sebagai pendekatan yang holistik dan ramah lingkungan, cara ini juga dapat membuat pengertian ekonomi yang baik.  Sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh para peneliti, banyak produsen komersil di Brasil telah mengadopsi pendekatan tanpa-olah karena lebih sedikit pembajakan berarti lebih sedikit bahan bakar, lebih sedikit permesinan dan lebih sedikit tenaga kerja.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Perusahaan-perusahaan ini menemukan bahwa mereka dapat menanam tanaman tersebut dengan membuat lubang-lubang kecil pada vegetasi yang sudah ada, dan menanamkan benihnya di lubang-lubang kecil tadi,&#8221; ungkap Martius. &#8220;Hal tersebut menjadikan lahannya relatif utuh, dan mereka tetap memperoleh panen yang baik. Tetapi mereka juga mengurangi kehilangan karbon karena mereka tidak terlalu sering membalikkan tanahnya.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Tetapi mempertahankan karbon tanah sering kali rumit, melibatkan banyak timbal-balik (<em>trade-off<\/em>) sosial, lingkungan dan ekonomi. Para produsen gula tebu, misalnya, membakar dedaunan sebelum panen. Ini mengurangi kerja keras para pemanen mereka, tetapi juga mendegradasikan tanah.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Anda tidak dapat segera melarang pembakaran karena hal tersebut membantu para pekerja,&#8221; ujar Martius. &#8220;Larangan baru dapat berlaku bila mereka juga memperkenalkan mesin-mesin yang menghemat tenaga kerja.&#8221; Tetapi kemudian Anda menghadapi masalah dari setengah juta orang yang pekerjaannya terancam akibat teknologi baru. Tidak ada solusi yang mudah.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Para peneliti merekomendasikan suatu variasi strategi untuk mengurangi kehilangan karbon dalam pertanian. Variasi strategi ini mencakup pergerakan dari menanam satu jenis tanaman menjadi banyak jenis, merotasi dengan spesies tutupan kacang-kacangan untuk memperkaya tanah dengan nitrogen yang berinteraksi dengan karbon, atau mengintegrasikan tanaman dengan ternak dan pepohonan. Teknik-teknik semacam itu telah memperlihatkan pertambahan tingkat karbon tanah sampai hampir dua metrik ton per hektar setiap tahunnya. Selain menjaga ketahanan tanah, berbagai teknik ini juga dapat membantu para petani Amerika Selatan untuk memitigasi berbagai dampak negatif dari perubahan iklim.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Kehilangan karbon dari tanah di mana penumpukannya telah terjadi selama berabad-abad, bahkan milenium, merupakan hal yang sangat mudah untuk dilakukan,&#8221; ujar Martius. &#8220;Mengumpulkannya kembali bersifat rumit dan memerlukan waktu yang lama.&#8221; Kita tidak dapat memperolehnya kembali secepat kita menghancurkannya.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Untuk infomasi lebih jauh mengenai berbagai isu dalam artikel ini, hubungi Christopher Martius di <\/strong><a href=\"mailto:c.martius@cgiar.org\"><strong>c.martius@cgiar.org<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Penelitian CIFOR tentang hutan dan perubahan iklim merupakan bagian dari<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/foreststreesagroforestry.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><em>Program Penelitian CGIAR tentang Hutan, Pohon dan <\/em><em>Agroforestri<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BOGOR, Indonesia \u2014 Konversi padang rumput menjadi lahan pertanian telah melepaskan lebih banyak karbon tanah di beberapa padang rumput Amerika Selatan selama 40 tahun silam dibandingkan dengan konversi hutan menjadi padang rumput selama tiga abad sebelumnya, menurut sebuah laporan baru. Karbon tanah yang hilang, selain menyebabkan degradasi lahan dan merusak keanekaragaman hayati, emisi karbonnya juga [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":107,"featured_media":35883,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,137],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12231],"tag-bahasa":[2503,3181,2500,3817,2584],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1141],"class_list":["post-27165","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-forest-management-restoration","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-brazil","tag-bahasa-cadangan-karbon","tag-bahasa-christopher-martius","tag-bahasa-emisi-karbon","tag-bahasa-inter-american-institute-for-global-change-research","tag-bahasa-tata-guna-lahan","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Di Amerika Selatan, emisi karbon naik saat hutan, padang rumput berubah menjadi lahan pertanian: Riset - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/27165\/di-amerika-selatan-emisi-karbon-naik-saat-hutan-padang-rumput-berubah-menjadi-lahan-pertanian-riset\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Di Amerika Selatan, emisi karbon naik saat hutan, padang rumput berubah menjadi lahan pertanian: Riset\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indonesia \u2014 Konversi padang rumput menjadi lahan pertanian telah melepaskan lebih banyak karbon tanah di beberapa padang rumput Amerika Selatan selama 40 tahun silam dibandingkan dengan konversi hutan menjadi padang rumput selama tiga abad sebelumnya, menurut sebuah laporan baru. Karbon tanah yang hilang, selain menyebabkan degradasi lahan dan merusak keanekaragaman hayati, emisi karbonnya juga [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/27165\/di-amerika-selatan-emisi-karbon-naik-saat-hutan-padang-rumput-berubah-menjadi-lahan-pertanian-riset\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-03-12T07:19:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-10-13T09:27:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/RS27_Deforestation_9083155334_o-scr-500x332._bhsjpg.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"332\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mark Foss\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/27165\\\/di-amerika-selatan-emisi-karbon-naik-saat-hutan-padang-rumput-berubah-menjadi-lahan-pertanian-riset#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/27165\\\/di-amerika-selatan-emisi-karbon-naik-saat-hutan-padang-rumput-berubah-menjadi-lahan-pertanian-riset\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Mark Foss\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d82a8658eb9f83e3855271ca0de667d\"},\"headline\":\"Di Amerika Selatan, emisi karbon naik saat hutan, padang rumput berubah menjadi lahan pertanian: Riset\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-03-12T07:19:33+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-10-13T09:27:14+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/27165\\\/di-amerika-selatan-emisi-karbon-naik-saat-hutan-padang-rumput-berubah-menjadi-lahan-pertanian-riset\"},\"wordCount\":778,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/27165\\\/di-amerika-selatan-emisi-karbon-naik-saat-hutan-padang-rumput-berubah-menjadi-lahan-pertanian-riset#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/03\\\/RS27_Deforestation_9083155334_o-scr-500x332._bhsjpg.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change &amp; 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