{"id":26970,"date":"2015-03-02T13:56:07","date_gmt":"2015-03-02T06:56:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=26970"},"modified":"2015-09-22T16:14:26","modified_gmt":"2015-09-22T09:14:26","slug":"bagaimana-dampak-tenurial-pada-produktivitas-pertanian-sebuah-kajian-sistematis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/26970\/bagaimana-dampak-tenurial-pada-produktivitas-pertanian-sebuah-kajian-sistematis","title":{"rendered":"Bagaimana dampak tenurial pada produktivitas pertanian? Sebuah kajian sistematis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1260YlE6aGM?feature=player_embedded\" width=\"500\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Sebagian besar penduduk di negara Barat berasumsi bahwa sertifikasi hak atas lahan, pendaftaran atau kepemilikan adalah elemen-elemen penting bagi segala jenis sistem hak tenurial atau properti. Pemikiran bahwa pencatatan formal hak atas lahan sama pentingnya seperti meyakinkan para petani akan pentingnya kepastian hak lahan, suatu kondisi yang krusial untuk memberdayagunakan pembangunan pertanian.<\/p>\n<p>Menurut teori ekonomi dan akal sehat, jika suatu keluarga ingin menginvestasikan propertinya, mereka harus memiliki ekspektasi yang jelas, bahwa di masa depan, jenis-jenis pengorbanan, investasi tenaga, kapital, material, terhadap lahan dan manfaat yang didapat dari investasi tersebut, akan terus bertumbuh. Ada sebuah hubungan yang sangat sederhana antara kepastian tenurial lahan, kepastian hak properti, dan investasi: Teori memprediksikan hasil positif, dan ini kerap didapat dari praktik terobservasi, dimana hal-hal tersebut memiliki kepastian dan kejelasan hak atas lahan.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>Lalu apa dampak terkait meningkatnya harapan berpartisipasi dengan sertifikasi hak lahan dan investasi bagi produktivitas?<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Kendati demikian, di banyak negara berkembang, jenis sertifikasi formal, hak properti dan sistem kepemilikan yang sering ada di negara maju seringkali tidak ditemukan. Banyak petani bercocok tanam di lahan milik negara. Di Afrika misalnya, banyak lahan pertanian \u2013 hampir 90 persen \u2013 dilakukan di lahan kawasan tenurial adat, dimana hak lahan tidak disertifikasi secara formal. Di bawah hukum adat, hak askes lahan merupakan bagian dari hak sosial, yang diperoleh karena keanggotaan petani dalam masyarakat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PERTANYAAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Menyingkapi hal ini maka tahun 2013, UK Department for International Development (DFID) meminta saya membentuk suatu tim, bersama dengan sekelompok peneliti dan mahasiswa untuk melakukan kajian sistematis terkait dampak dari upaya \u201cmemformalisasi\u201d sertifikat hak lahan atau kepemilikan terhadap perubahan investasi pertanian dan produktivitas di negara berkembang. Teori akan memprediksi dimana lahan pertanian yang sebelumnya belum terdaftar, setelah adanya sertifikasi atau kepemilikan, tingkat investasi dan produktivitasnya akan meningkat drastis.<\/p>\n<p>Bagian dari diskursus pembangunan selama lebih dari 30-40 tahun lalu menunjukkan, pertanian di Afrika tidak akan maju kecuali adanya kepastian dan kejelasan hak atas lahan. Perlu digarisbawahi dari asumsi ini bahwa hal tersebut diberikan lewat sertifikasi hak lahan atau kepemilikan, seperti yang terjadi di Amerika Latin dan beberapa kawasan Asia. Jadi, mengingat fakta bahwa selama lebih dari 30-40 tahun yang lalu telah ada banyak upaya untuk mengkonversi kawasan tenurial nonformal menjadi kawasan tenurial formal; DFID meminta kami menjawab tentang, Apakah dampak yang akan muncul terkait meningkatnya harapan untuk ikut dalam upaya sertifikasi hak lahan dan investasi bagi produktivitas? Apa dampaknya bagi pendapatan petani? Dan apa dampaknya bagi alur kredit?<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>Hanya ditemukan 20 studi yang sesuai standar ketepatan di dalam desain penelitian empiris.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Itulah topik dari <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/forestsasia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/Lawry_Land_Property_Rights_Review.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">kajian sistematis<\/a> kami. Kriteria inklusi kami dibatasi pada studi yang berbasis percobaan kontrol secara acak \u2013 sampel acak rumah tangga para petani di sebuah area yang telah mengalami perlakuan, semisal, sertifikasi hak lahan, dengan perbandingan terhadap masyarakat dimana kami mampu mengontrol semua faktor kecuali fakta bahwa masyarakat belum mendapatkan sertifikasi hak lahan. Kami ingin lebih mengetahui, secara empiris, dampak dari intervensi sertifikasi terhadap investasi, produktivitas pertanian, penghasilan keluarga petani dan akses untuk kredit.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26973\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26973\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/26970\/bagaimana-dampak-tenurial-pada-produktivitas-pertanian-sebuah-kajian-sistematis\/wae-rebo-2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26973\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-26973\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/wae-rebo-500x332.jpg\" alt=\"Reformasi tenurial belum mampu meningkatkan pendapatan dan produktivitas seperti yang terjadi di Amerika Latin dan Asia, sebuah kajian dari literatur sains mengindikasi. Aulia Erlangga\/CIFOR\" width=\"500\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/wae-rebo.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/wae-rebo-220x146.jpg 220w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/wae-rebo-263x176.jpg 263w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/wae-rebo-440x292.jpg 440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26973\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reformasi tenurial belum mampu meningkatkan pendapatan dan produktivitas seperti yang terjadi di Amerika Latin dan Asia, sebuah kajian dari literatur sains mengindikasi. Aulia Erlangga\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>TEMUAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mereka yang telah melakukan kajian sistematis tahu kesulitannya. Para mahasiswa menelusuri 25.000 judul berdasar subyek ini dan menyaringnya dengan mengkaji 1.000 abstrak saja, yang kemudian mengerucut menjadi 100 tulisan yang kami pelajari secara mendetil. Hanya 20 studi yang sesuai dengan kriteria kami.Hal ini merupakan suatu pertanyaan besar bagi dunia pembangunan, untuk teori ekonomi, suatu isu global keseluruhan \u2013 dan hanya 20 studi yang sesuai standar tepat dari desain penelitian empiris. 20 studi ini dilakukan di sembilan negara: lima di Amerika Latin, lima di Asia, dan sepuluh di Afrika.<\/p>\n<p>Dalam kasus di Amerika Latin dan Asia, setelah sertifikasi atau kepemilikan, diperoleh hasil yang signifikan atas produktivitas antara 50-100 persen, dan hasil yang positif dan kuat terhadap investasi dan pendapatan yang mengikuti pengakuan tenurial, terutama setelah kepemilikan. Namun, dalam kasus di Afrika, hasilnya lemah atau biasa saja terhadap produktivitas \u2013 antara nol dan 10% perolehan atas produktivitas \u2013 dan dalam investasi dan pendapatan yang mengikuti sertifikasi (meski di kebanyakan kasus masih terjadi hasil yang positif).<\/p>\n<p>Temuan penting lainnya yaitu tidak adanya atau lemahnya dampak kredit yang terlihat di semua tempat. Kebanyakan studi \u2013 dan kami mempelajarinya dengan sangat hati-hati lewat lensa jender serta mempertimbangkan perbedaan dampak antara laki-laki dan perempuan \u2013 gagal untuk mengumpulkan dampak dari pengakuan tenurial terhadap perempuan, terkecuali untuk dua studi kuantitatif yang mengidentifikasi dampak positif (di Etiopia dan Rwanda).<\/p>\n<p><strong>MENGAPA HASILNYA BERBEDA?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Lantas pertanyaannya adalah, mengapa muncul hasil yang signifikan di Amerika Latin dan Asia, sementara di Afrika relatif lebih lemah atau biasa-biasa saja? Kami memiliki tiga hipotesis yang kami sebut peran institusi <em>pre-existing<\/em> \u2013 terutama di Afrika, tenurial adat. Sistem tenurial adat memberikan akses lahan sebagai hak sosial dengan menggunakan keanggotaan dalam masyarakat. Sebuah indikator dari kepastian tenurial adalah bahwa lahan kerap dapat diwariskan kepada anggota keluarga lain, namun secara tipikal tidak dapat dijual. Tenurial adat kerap membentuk kepastian tenurial tingkat tinggi.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>Tingkat investasi publik di areal pedesaan di Afrika, yang kami yakini, lebih rendah dari apa yang ada di Amerika Latin dan Asia.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Umumnya sistem tenurial adat memberikan akses terhadap lahan, gratis, dan sekali lagi sebagai hak sosial bagi masyarakat dengan pendapatan kurang; ini adalah sebuah institusi pervasif di Afrika. Hipotesa kami, para perancang program sertifikasi dan kepemilikan, sepertinya mengesampingkan kepastian tenurial orang-orang yang memiliki lahan. Demikian pula ketika lahan sudah tersertifikasi, jenis perolehan produktivitas atau investasi yang telah direncanakan, dengan asumsi awal ketidakpastian tenurial, tidak terjadi. Asumsi ini meleset.<\/p>\n<p>Faktor lainnya adalah apa yang kami sebut dampak harta: Sumber rumah tangga dan pendapatan para petani di Afrika jauh lebih rendah dibanding petani-petani miskin di Amerika Latin dan Asia. Jadi, jika Anda ingin melakukan sesuatu pada lahan Anda, ini bukanlah sekedar lahan sebagai aset. Ini terkait dengan tenaga kerja, kapital, memiliki pendapatan untuk berinvestasi dalam perusahaan pertanian Anda. Secara umum, rendahnya pendapatan para petani di Afrika menghalangi kemampuan mereka untuk lebih mendayagunakan lahan yang dimiliki.<\/p>\n<p>Ini hipotesa nomor dua.<\/p>\n<p>Hipotesis ketiga adalah apa yang kita sebut dengan dampak investasi komplementari publik. Program untuk memastikan bahwa penerapan hak lahan yang paling baik adalah sebagai sebuah elemen dalam program reformasi agraria yang komprehensif. Reformasi yang dampaktif tidak hanya terkait menyediakan kepastian hak lahan bagi masyarakat. Ini juga terkait menyediakan akses yang dapat dijangkau untuk kontribusi pertanian dan pasar, investasi jalan, koperasi, pelatihan pertanian, dan lain-lain; investasi yang memampukan petani untuk memperoleh sebesar mungkin manfaat dari hak lahan mereka yang telah pasti. Level investasi publik di areal pedesaan di Afrika adalah, yang kami yakini, lebih rendah daripada di Afrika dan Asia.<\/p>\n<p>Salah satu argumen kami adalah, ketika membicarakan tentang sertifikasi hak lahan atau formalisasi di Afrika, Anda harus benar-benar mendekatinya sebagai sebuah paket investasi, dan Anda harus mempertimbangkan dampak harta.<\/p>\n<p>Kami berencana mengeksplorasi lebih dalam apa yang mungkin menjadi penyebab respons yang lebih lemah di Afrika. Kami yakin bahwa hipotesis di atas akan mampu menjadi titik awal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Steven Lawry adalah Direktur program hutan dan tata kelola di CIFOR. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai topik artikel ini, silakan menghubungi <a href=\"mailto:s.lawry@cgiar.org\">s.lawry@cgiar.org<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Penelitian CIFOR tentang tenurial adalah bagian dari <a href=\"http:\/\/foreststreesagroforestry.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Program Penelitian CGIAR tentang Hutan, Pohon dan Wanatani. <\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sebagian besar penduduk di negara Barat berasumsi bahwa sertifikasi hak atas lahan, pendaftaran atau kepemilikan adalah elemen-elemen penting bagi segala jenis sistem hak tenurial atau properti. Pemikiran bahwa pencatatan formal hak atas lahan sama pentingnya seperti meyakinkan para petani akan pentingnya kepastian hak lahan, suatu kondisi yang krusial untuk memberdayagunakan pembangunan pertanian. Menurut teori ekonomi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":166,"featured_media":26973,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[182,13,95,1072],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[2516,2670,2575,2507],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1917],"class_list":["post-26970","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-community-forestry","category-governance","category-human-wellbeing","category-landscapes","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-kehutanan-masyarakat","tag-bahasa-kepemilikan-dan-hak-atas-lahan","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-adat","tag-bahasa-sertifikasi","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bagaimana dampak tenurial pada produktivitas pertanian? Sebuah kajian sistematis - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/26970\/bagaimana-dampak-tenurial-pada-produktivitas-pertanian-sebuah-kajian-sistematis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bagaimana dampak tenurial pada produktivitas pertanian? Sebuah kajian sistematis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sebagian besar penduduk di negara Barat berasumsi bahwa sertifikasi hak atas lahan, pendaftaran atau kepemilikan adalah elemen-elemen penting bagi segala jenis sistem hak tenurial atau properti. Pemikiran bahwa pencatatan formal hak atas lahan sama pentingnya seperti meyakinkan para petani akan pentingnya kepastian hak lahan, suatu kondisi yang krusial untuk memberdayagunakan pembangunan pertanian. Menurut teori ekonomi [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/26970\/bagaimana-dampak-tenurial-pada-produktivitas-pertanian-sebuah-kajian-sistematis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-03-02T06:56:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-09-22T09:14:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/wae-rebo.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"332\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Steven Lawry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@StevenLawry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/26970\\\/bagaimana-dampak-tenurial-pada-produktivitas-pertanian-sebuah-kajian-sistematis#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/26970\\\/bagaimana-dampak-tenurial-pada-produktivitas-pertanian-sebuah-kajian-sistematis\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Steven Lawry\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5942b6d0ff3ed3c48e88caf93868a07a\"},\"headline\":\"Bagaimana dampak tenurial pada produktivitas pertanian? 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