{"id":23711,"date":"2014-08-13T17:28:36","date_gmt":"2014-08-13T10:28:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=23711"},"modified":"2018-02-07T16:08:54","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T09:08:54","slug":"peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/23711\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra","title":{"rendered":"Peta-peta baru mengungkap gambaran lebih rumit kebakaran hutan Sumatra"},"content":{"rendered":"

Episode ekstrem kabut asap lintas-perbatasan di Asia Tenggara pada 2013<\/a> dan 2014<\/a> \u2014 dan musim kering yang diantisipasi dipicu oleh El-Ni\u00f1o<\/a> selama paruh kedua tahun 2014, yang dapat mengakibatkan kegiatan kebakaran yang meninggi di seluruh Indonesia \u2014 telah memberi perhatian lebih akan berbagai penyebab dan asal kebakaran di daerah-daerah gambut di Sumatra. Hal tersebut juga telah mendorong berbagai negara yang terkena dampaknya di wilayah tersebut untuk mengembangkan berbagai kebijakan mitigasi kebakaran lebih lanjut di wilayah tersebut — dan juga hukuman bagi mereka yang menyulut api.<\/p>\n

Analisis kami memperlihatkan bahwa kebakaran tersebut dimulai di luar konsesi, atau di lahan yang dihuni oleh operator skala kecil (komunitas lokal atau migran) di dalam konsesi.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Wakil presiden Indonesia telah menyerukan<\/a> kepada para menteri senior dari beberapa lembaga untuk memerangi masalah ini, dan sebuah “ruang situasi” khusus tengah dipersiapkan<\/a> kepastian kapabilitas dan respons dari satuan pemadaman kebakaran dalam beberapa jam begitu satelit mendeteksi titik-titik api baru.<\/p>\n

Di waktu bersamaan, Singapura telah menyusun sebuah peraturan<\/a> yang akan memungkinkan pemberian denda bagi perusahaan bila ditemukan kebakaran terjadi di lahan perkebunan. (Kabut asap yang berhembus dari kebakaran di Indonesia di bulan Juni 2013 mencekik langit Singapura, menyebabkan rekor tingkat polusi udara tertinggi<\/a>.) Para petinggi Singapura, dan juga banyak kelompok advokasi, sekarang menuduh perusahaan perkebunan (operator skala besar) karena kebakaran baru-baru ini, berdasarkan analisis titik-titik api dan peta kartografi yang menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari separuh titik api dalam peristiwa kebakaran yang baru terjadi tahun 2013 dan 2014 di Sumatra berada dalam konsesi – artinya, lahan yang dialokasikan kepada perusahaan untuk pembangunan perkebunan monokultur kelapa sawit dan Acacia<\/em> skala industri.<\/p>\n

Intervensi kebijakan untuk aksi mitigasi kebakaran memerlukan informasi kokoh mengenai siapa yang menyalakan api di lahan siapa. Namun, informasi dasar ini tidak ditemukan, karena klaim yang saling bersaing terhadap kepemilikan lahan di Indonesia menimbulkan kebingungan mengenai siapa yang menyalakan api di lahan siapa.<\/p>\n

Tata guna lahan dan tenurial lahan di Indonesia diatur oleh hukum-hukum nasional, propinsi dan adat yang rumit yang sering kali saling bersaing, mengakibatkan timbulnya kebingungan mengenai siapa yang memiliki cuplikan lahan yang mana. Situasi ini diperparah oleh arus masuknya migran pencari lahan dan oleh investasi dalam perluasan pertanian oleh para investor kelas menengah yang asal-muasalnya tidak diketahui. Ketegangan – dan kadang-kadang konflik — dapat timbul di antara para pengguna lahan ini. Faktor lain yang membingungkan adalah fakta bahwa kebakaran bergerak melintasi lanskap, didorong oleh topografi dan angin.<\/p>\n

Orang tidak bisa mengasumsikan — hanya berdasarkan lokasi titik-titik api yang tersebar di peta konsesi — bahwa nyala api di dalam konsesi disebabkan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan besar.<\/em> Ada dua alasan utama untuk hal ini:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Lahan di dalam batas konsesi mungkin tidak sepenuhnya dikendalikan oleh perusahaan yang dimaksud. Suatu bagian besar mungkin diklaim dan dihuni oleh para pengguna lahan yang tidak berhubungan, dan para pengguna lahan ini mungkin adalah mereka yang memulai kebakaran di konsesi.<\/li>\n
  2. Api dapat mulai di luar konsesi dan menyebar ke dalam konsesi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Kami menunjukkan di sini bahwa adalah mungkin untuk menghasilkan peta teperinci dari penggunaan lahan di berbagai konsesi, menunjukkan daerah-daerah yang dihuni oleh pengguna lahan yang tidak berhubungan (operator skala kecil dan tingkat menengah) dengan menggunakan citra-citra sebelum dan sesudah kebakaran dari satelit LANDSAT yang baru-baru ini dilancarkan oleh NASA. Kami juga dapat menghasilkan peta teperinci mengenai pergerakan api, menunjukkan di mana kebakaran dimulai dan kebakaran berakhir, dengan menggunakan kombinasi data LANDSAT dan titik-titik api.<\/p>\n

    Kami menerapkan metode kami pada kebakaran bulan Februari dan Maret 2014 yang menimbulkan dua daerah terbakar terbesar di propinsi Riau, Sumatra — satu di kabupaten Bengkalis dan satu di pulau yang berdekatan, Pulau Rupat.<\/p>\n

    Analisis kami memperlihatkan bahwa kebakaran tersebut dimulai di luar konsesi, atau di lahan yang dihuni oleh operator skala kecil (komunitas lokal atau migran) di dalam konsesi (lihat gambar 1 di atas, dan gambar 2, dibawah ini).<\/p>\n

    Sementara analisis kami tidak bisa dibaca sebagai sepenuhnya membebaskan perusahaan — karena perusahaan pada masa lalu telah menggunakan api untuk membuka lahan — hal tersebut memang menunjukkan bahwa situasi di lapangan lebih rumit daripada yang sering dilukiskan, dan bahwa perusahaan tidak selalu sepenuhnya bisa dipersalahkan ketika kebakaran bermula di konsesi mereka. Temuan kami tampaknya memperumit berbagai usaha untuk memastikan bahwa perusahaan bertanggung jawab dan memberi hukuman kepada para pelanggar.<\/p>\n

    Analisis kami menunjukkan pada kebutuhan untuk melanjutkan — dan memperluas — jenis pemantauan seperti ini, dan untuk menjauhi penetapan bersalah hanya berdasarkan penumpukan peta titik api dan konsesi. Situasinya di lapangan, sebagaimana dapat kita lihat sekarang, adalah lebih rumit dari itu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Episode ekstrem kabut asap lintas-perbatasan di Asia Tenggara pada 2013 dan 2014 \u2014 dan musim kering yang diantisipasi dipicu oleh El-Ni\u00f1o selama paruh kedua tahun 2014, yang dapat mengakibatkan kegiatan kebakaran yang meninggi di seluruh Indonesia \u2014 telah memberi perhatian lebih akan berbagai penyebab dan asal kebakaran di daerah-daerah gambut di Sumatra. Hal tersebut juga […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":104,"featured_media":22298,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,137,173,13,180],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12222],"tag-bahasa":[2522,2721,2548,2670,2680,2622,2604,2597,2645,2584],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1120],"class_list":["post-23711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-forest-management-restoration","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-governance","category-mitigating-climate-change","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-indonesia","tag-bahasa-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-indonesia","tag-bahasa-kebakaran-hutan","tag-bahasa-kepemilikan-dan-hak-atas-lahan","tag-bahasa-lahan-basah","tag-bahasa-lahan-gambut","tag-bahasa-mitigasi","tag-bahasa-pemetaan","tag-bahasa-penginderaan-jauh","tag-bahasa-tata-guna-lahan","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPeta-peta baru mengungkap gambaran lebih rumit kebakaran hutan Sumatra - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/23711\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Peta-peta baru mengungkap gambaran lebih rumit kebakaran hutan Sumatra\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Episode ekstrem kabut asap lintas-perbatasan di Asia Tenggara pada 2013 dan 2014 \u2014 dan musim kering yang diantisipasi dipicu oleh El-Ni\u00f1o selama paruh kedua tahun 2014, yang dapat mengakibatkan kegiatan kebakaran yang meninggi di seluruh Indonesia \u2014 telah memberi perhatian lebih akan berbagai penyebab dan asal kebakaran di daerah-daerah gambut di Sumatra. Hal tersebut juga […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/23711\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-08-13T10:28:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-02-07T09:08:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/9675568237_0cb84c1de3_z.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"425\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"David Gaveau\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@GaveauD\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/23711\\\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/23711\\\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"David Gaveau\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b969a9673da80f7d6b363d0434e54d28\"},\"headline\":\"Peta-peta baru mengungkap gambaran lebih rumit kebakaran hutan Sumatra\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-08-13T10:28:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-07T09:08:54+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/23711\\\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra\"},\"wordCount\":727,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/23711\\\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/04\\\/9675568237_0cb84c1de3_z.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change & energy\",\"Deforestation\",\"Forest management & restoration\",\"Gender, justice & tenure\",\"Governance\",\"Mitigation\"],\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/23711\\\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2014\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/23711\\\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/23711\\\/peta-peta-baru-mengungkap-gambaran-lebih-rumit-kebakaran-hutan-sumatra\",\"name\":\"Peta-peta baru mengungkap gambaran lebih rumit kebakaran hutan Sumatra - 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