{"id":23326,"date":"2007-08-06T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2007-08-06T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=638"},"modified":"2015-10-02T14:32:16","modified_gmt":"2015-10-02T07:32:16","slug":"haruskah-orang-orang-yang-baik-tidak-mendapatkan-apa-apa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/23326\/haruskah-orang-orang-yang-baik-tidak-mendapatkan-apa-apa","title":{"rendered":"Haruskah orang-orang yang baik tidak mendapatkan apa-apa?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pembayaran Jasa Lingkungan (Payment for Environmental Services\/PES) tampaknya sudah bisa menangkap semua yang kita bayangkan, merupakan perangkat baru yang berupaya untuk melakukan gerakan konservasi dan juga memberikan penghargaan bagi masyarakat miskin yang berhasil menjaga lingkungannya. Namun demikian, tulisan Sven Wunder, seorang peneliti CIFOR, yang diterbitkan dalam Conservation Biology, menunjukkan bahwa penerapan PES tampaknya menjadi sebuah pilihan antara efisiensi konservasi dan keadilan. Pada dasarnya, skema PES harus cukup efisien sehingga dapat memberikan keuntungan tambahan yang memadai dan cukup berarti bagi masyarakat serta secara politik mampu bertahan dalam jangka panjang.<\/p>\n

Skema PES melibatkan perjanjian yang bersifat suka rela dan mengikat, antara pembeli dan penjual jasa lingkungan. Jenis jasa lingkungan telah ditentukan sesuai kesepakatan. Skema ini dirancang untuk menjembatani jurang pemisah antara kepentingan pribadi pemilik dan pihak berkepentingan lainnya \u2013 dengan cara memberikan kompensasi dalam bentuk keuntungan yang diperoleh dari pemanfaatan lahan yang tidak mengindahkan aspek konservasi. Seperti contohnya, pihak yang berada di hilir atau yang menerima keuntungan dari pemanfaatan jasa air minum, listrik tenaga air, atau pemantauan banjir seharusnya bersedia membayar jasa tersebut kepada para pemilik lahan yang berada di hulu daerah tangkapan air untuk mengkonservasi tegakan hutannya – dengan demikian erosi yang bisa mengancam salah satu dari jasa-jasa lingkungan tersebut dapat dikendalikan.<\/p>\n

Wunder berpendapat bahwa pemanfaatan PES yang dianggap paling efisien bisa mengganggu rasa keadilan kita karena perangkat ini ditujukan pada orang-orang yang benar-benar mengancam lingkungan. Jika sebuah komunitas\/masyarakat hidup harmonis di hutan, maka akan terasa adil untuk memberikan penghargaan atas upaya mereka dalam menjaga hutannya. Sayangnya, pembayaran yang diharapkan tidak akan \u201cmembeli\u201d upaya konservasi tambahan maupun menghasilkan jasa ekstra, sehingga masyarakat akan mengalami kesulitan untuk menemukan pembelinya. Sebaliknya, seorang peternak yang membuka lahan hutan akan merubah perilakunya jika ternyata pembayaran PES jauh lebih menarik ketimbang keuntungan yang akan diterimanya dengan merubah lahan hutan menjadi lahan peternakan.<\/p>\n

Wunder menyatakan bahwa PES akan berhasil jika diterapkan pada kondisi dimana keuntungan yang diharapkan dari pemanfaatan lahan alternatif cukup rendah. Jika hutan terancam oleh konversi lahan usaha untuk menghasilkan komoditi yang bernilai tinggi, seperti kacang kedelai atau minyak sawit, insentif PES yang memadai untuk menjadikan konservasi menarik secara ekonomis akan cepat menguras dana yang tersedia.<\/p>\n

Biaya transaksi yang tinggi akan membatasi kemampuan PES dalam mengurangi kemiskinan. Wunder mencatat bahwa biaya transaksi menjadi tinggi pada saat banyak pengusaha kecil terlibat, hak kepemilikan lemah, dan biaya penyediaan jasa dan informasi tinggi. Dalam kondisi seperti ini, Wunder menyarankan para penyandang dana untuk memberikan subsidi bagi PES yang biaya awalnya tinggi, karena biaya per hektar yang diperlukan untuk menjalankan program ini mungkin cukup rendah sehingga masuk akal jika pembayaran dilakukan di muka.<\/p>\n

Temuan Wunder sejalan dengan perdebatan perubahan iklim tentang pembayaran untuk Pengurangan Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation\/REDD). Sementara skema pembayaran tampaknya bisa memenuhi tujuan yang berkaitan dengan iklim dan hutan, hal ini juga akan menjadi sebuah pilihan berat antara efisiensi dan keadilan. Pada kenyataannya, penerima PES yang ideal bukanlah masyarakat ramah lingkungan yang cukup miskin untuk melakukan banyak perusakan hutan, tetapi mereka adalah pemilik modal yang cukup mampu untuk membeli gergaji mesin, dan siap melakukan penebangan. Apakah ini kedengarannya adil???<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Salinan dari tulisan Sven Wunder ini dapat diperoleh secara cuma-cuma dengan cara mengirimkan pesan kepada Ligia Pereira di: l.pereira@cgiar.org<\/a><\/p>\n

Makalah Sven Wunder juga dapat di download dari http:\/\/www.blackwell-synergy.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.0059.x?prevSearch=allfield%3A%28wunder%29&cookieSet=1<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[2522,2516,2633,2520,2623,2942],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[4903],"class_list":["post-23326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forests-news","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-kehutanan-masyarakat","tag-bahasa-kemiskinan","tag-bahasa-konservasi","tag-bahasa-pembayaran-jasa-lingkungan","tag-bahasa-sven-wunder","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHaruskah 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