{"id":21368,"date":"2014-02-17T14:35:15","date_gmt":"2014-02-17T07:35:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=21368"},"modified":"2015-10-19T16:48:41","modified_gmt":"2015-10-19T09:48:41","slug":"apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/21368\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif","title":{"rendered":"Apakah proyek \u201cmata pencaharian alternatif\u201d efektif?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Catatan Editor<\/b>: Versi lain artikel ini telah dipublikasikan oleh International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iied.org\/are-alternative-livelihoods-projects-effective\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">lihat di sini<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Sejak 1980, pemerintah, donor, organisasi konservasi dan pembangunan melakukan upaya  besar-besaran untuk proyek \u201cmata pencaharian alternatif\u201d yang mendorong masyarakat menghentikan aktivitas merusak lingkungan dan menggantinya menjadi kegiatan berkelanjutan.<\/p>\n<p>Tetapi karena terdapat kekurangan bukti apakah proyek ini bekerja, kajian pembuktian sistematis tengah dilakukan \u2013 dan memerlukan masukan.<\/p>\n<p>Proyek mata pencaharian alternatif diperkenalkan dalam beragam konteks: di Uganda mendukung konservasi <a href=\"http:\/\/pubs.iied.org\/14592IIED.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">gorila<\/a> dan di Afganistan untuk mengurangi <a href=\"http:\/\/ageconsearch.umn.edu\/bitstream\/14650\/1\/bp05ma01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">ketergantungan petani terhadap pertanian opium.<\/a> Proyek ini  mendorong masyarakat <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22098395\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">menanam rumput laut<\/a> dibanding memancing, menggunakan <a href=\"http:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2013\/1112-madhusoodanan-ucsc-monkey-china.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">kompor irit-bahan bakar<\/a> sebagai alternatif kayu bakar tradisional, dan peternakan, serta mengkonsumsi <a href=\"http:\/\/okapiconservation.org\/conservation-program\/alternative-livelihoods\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">tikus tebu<\/a> pengganti hewan liar.<\/p>\n<p>Beberapa pengembang proyek <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iied.org\/redd-protecting-climate-forests-livelihoods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">REDD+<\/a>, yang bertujuan mereduksi emisi karbon dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/5457\/redd-needs-to-invest-in-alternative-livelihoods-before-making-carbon-payments#.Uuphxz1_vHQ\">mengakui kebutuhan untuk menjamin masyarakat lokal memiliki sumber alternatif pemasukan sebelum menerapkan aspek lain skema ini, antara lain pembayaran untuk perlindungan hutan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cJika Anda tidak menawarkan mata pencaharian alternatif berkelanjutan,\u201d kata Erin Sills, mitra senior Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional (CIFOR) pada 2011, \u201cbentuk apapun intervensi hanya akan menggeser atau menunda deforestasi.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>Beragam hasil <\/b><\/p>\n<p>Pada hasil terbaiknya, proyek mata pencaharian alternatif dipuji sebagai cara untuk mendorong baik konservasi maupun pembangunan. <a href=\"http:\/\/misoolecoresort.com\/ourmission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Wilayah ekowisata Missool<\/a> di Raja Ampat, Indonesia, adalah contoh <a href=\"http:\/\/misoolecoresort.com\/currentprojects.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">program konservasi dan pelibatan masyarakat<\/a>. Program ini mempekerjakan 120 masyarakat lokal, mendukung sekolah dan menjadi penting dalam membangun <a href=\"http:\/\/misoolecoresort.com\/currentprojects.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">wilayah dilarang membawa hasil memancing serta perlindungan hiu dan pari<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Banyak proyek lain menjadi kontroversial. Para praktisi menyebarkan anekdot buruknya perencanaan dan gagalnya intervensi. Bukan kejutan, jika proyek sering menimbulkan masalah ketika mereka mengabaikan keperluan sosioekonomi masyarakat dalam wilayah potensi konservasi. Contohnya, masyarakat adat direlokasi dari Taman Nasional Nagarhola di India <a href=\"http:\/\/www.culturalsurvival.org\/publications\/cultural-survival-quarterly\/none\/help-or-hindrance-global-environment-facility-biodiver\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">sejak lama mengeluhkan<\/a> pilihan mata pencaharian baru mereka tidak sesuai dengan kehilangan dari tempat sebelumnya.<\/p>\n<p><b>Mana buktinya? <\/b><\/p>\n<p>Setelah semua uang, upaya dan waktu dikeluarkan, menjadi bahan perdebatan apakah inisiatif konservasi keragaman hayati dan pengurangan kemiskinan, termasuk proyek mata pencaharian alternatif, bisa disebut berhasil. Hanya sedikit bukti dari apa yang bekerja, apa yang belum dan mengapa?<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acv.12094\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Laporan terbaru<\/a> mempertanyakan mengapa bukti keberhasilan, baik dalam konservasi keragaman hayati maupun pengurangan kemiskinan begitu terbatas. Apakah pendekatan tersebut gagal atau bukti yang benar tidak dikumpulkan untuk merekam \u201clangkah menuju berhasil,\u201d?<\/p>\n<p>Kurangnya bukti membuat Kongres Konservasi Dunia IUCN mengeluarkan <a href=\"https:\/\/portals.iucn.org\/docs\/2012congress\/motions\/en\/M-145-2012-EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">resolusi<\/a> tahun lalu meminta kajian kritis bagi kemanfaatan keragaman hayati proyek mata pencaharian alternatif.<\/p>\n<p>Bermitra bersama, IIED, CIFOR dan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.zsl.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Zoological Society of London<\/a> melakukan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iied.org\/judging-effectiveness-alternative-livelihoods-projects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">kajian sistematis<\/a> terhadap bukti-bukti. Kajian akademik atau literatur abu-abu (materi publikasi informal seperti laporan projek) dilakukan untuk menentukan jika ada bukti proyek mata pencaharian alternatif mengurangi ancaman terhadap keragaman hayati. Hasilnya akan tersedia musim panas ini.<\/p>\n<p>Menambah kebingungan, proyek ini digambarkan secara sangat beragam: \u2018Mata pencaharian alternatif\u2019, \u2018aktivitas meningkatkan-pemasukan\u2019, \u2018dukungan mata pencaharian\u2019, \u2018diversifikasi mata pencaharian\u2019, \u2018peralihan mata pencaharian\u2019, dan lain-lain.<\/p>\n<p>Organisasi seperti Internasional Fauna &amp; Flora kini <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fauna-flora.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Why-not-alternative-livelihoods.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">menghindari<\/a> penggunaan istilah \u2018mata pencaharian alternatif\u2019 dan mengadopsi istilah \u2018diversifikasi mata pencaharian\u2019 atau \u2018pendekatan mata pencaharian berkelanjutan\u2019 untuk menunjukkan pendekatan lebih holistik yang lebih merefleksikan kompleksitas hidup dan mata pencaharian masyarakat.<\/p>\n<p><b>Mencari masukan Anda<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Apakah menurut pendapat Anda proyek \u2018mata pencaharian alternatif\u2019 adalah cara yang efektif untuk mengurangi kemiskinan dan melindungi keragaman hayati? Percayakah Anda pelaku proyek membesar-besarkan keberhasilan untuk memuaskan donor? Dapatkah Anda menunjukkan sebuah proyek \u2018mata pencaharian alternatif\u2019 yang berhasil (atau tidak berhasil) dalam meningkatkan status konservasi elemen tertentu keragaman hayati?<\/p>\n<p>Hal ini bisa menjadi, contohnya, sebuah perubahan status konservasi spesies tertentu, menurun (atau tidak) kecepatan deforestasi, atau sekadar apakah aktivitas yang menurunkan kualitas lingkungan berlanjut atau berhenti. Jika ada, mohon kirimkan dokumen terkait melalui e-mail (seperti laporan proyek, artikel jurnal, bab alam buku dan sebagainya) ke <a href=\"mailto:m.day@cgiar.org\">m.day@cgiar.org<\/a> atau <a href=\"mailto:francesca.booker@iied.org\">francesca.booker@iied.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Hasilnya akan ditulis dalam blog pada musim panas ini.<\/p>\n<p><b>Untuk informasi lebih jauh mengenai topik ini, silahkan hubungi Michael Day di <\/b><a href=\"mailto:m.day@cgiar.org\"><b>m.day@cgiar.org<\/b><\/a><b> atau Terry Sunderland di <\/b><a href=\"mailto:t.sunderland@cgiar.org\"><b>t.sunderland@cgiar.org<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 1px solid #CCC; border-width: 1px 1px 0; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/slideshow\/embed_code\/29062329\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\"><strong> <a title=\"Alternative livelihoods and conservation: \u2028A systematic review\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CIFOR\/alternative-livelihoods-and-conservation-a-systematic-review\" target=\"_blank\">Alternative livelihoods and conservation: \u2028A systematic review<\/a> <\/strong> from <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CIFOR\" target=\"_blank\">CIFOR<\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Catatan Editor: Versi lain artikel ini telah dipublikasikan oleh International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), lihat di sini. Sejak 1980, pemerintah, donor, organisasi konservasi dan pembangunan melakukan upaya besar-besaran untuk proyek \u201cmata pencaharian alternatif\u201d yang mendorong masyarakat menghentikan aktivitas merusak lingkungan dan menggantinya menjadi kegiatan berkelanjutan. Tetapi karena terdapat kekurangan bukti apakah proyek ini [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"featured_media":21369,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,182,188,137,95,1072,151],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[2522,4778,2516,2550,2590,2589,2819],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1363],"class_list":["post-21368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-community-forestry","category-food-and-diets","category-forest-management-restoration","category-human-wellbeing","category-landscapes","category-redd-2","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-erin-sills","tag-bahasa-kehutanan-masyarakat","tag-bahasa-ketahanan-pangan","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-lokal","tag-bahasa-mata-pencaharian","tag-bahasa-redd","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Apakah proyek \u201cmata pencaharian alternatif\u201d efektif? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/21368\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apakah proyek \u201cmata pencaharian alternatif\u201d efektif?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Catatan Editor: Versi lain artikel ini telah dipublikasikan oleh International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), lihat di sini. Sejak 1980, pemerintah, donor, organisasi konservasi dan pembangunan melakukan upaya besar-besaran untuk proyek \u201cmata pencaharian alternatif\u201d yang mendorong masyarakat menghentikan aktivitas merusak lingkungan dan menggantinya menjadi kegiatan berkelanjutan. Tetapi karena terdapat kekurangan bukti apakah proyek ini [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/21368\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-02-17T07:35:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-10-19T09:48:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/agroforestry-in-lubuk-beringin-jambi.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"333\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Michael Day\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Michael Day\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7b4da9ddba30bed1949c07113b74219f\"},\"headline\":\"Apakah proyek \u201cmata pencaharian alternatif\u201d efektif?\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-02-17T07:35:15+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-10-19T09:48:41+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif\"},\"wordCount\":644,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/agroforestry-in-lubuk-beringin-jambi.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change &amp; energy\",\"Community forestry\",\"Food &amp; diets\",\"Forest management &amp; restoration\",\"Human well-being\",\"Landscapes\",\"REDD+\"],\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2014\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif\",\"name\":\"Apakah proyek \u201cmata pencaharian alternatif\u201d efektif? - Landscape Alliance Forests News\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/agroforestry-in-lubuk-beringin-jambi.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-02-17T07:35:15+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-10-19T09:48:41+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/21368\\\/apakah-proyek-mata-pencaharian-alternatif-efektif#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/agroforestry-in-lubuk-beringin-jambi.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/agroforestry-in-lubuk-beringin-jambi.jpg\",\"width\":500,\"height\":333,\"caption\":\"Kaum perempuan, warga desa Lubuk Beringin, propinsi Jambi memotong-motong buah kacang, hasil pertanian utama desa mereka. 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