{"id":20722,"date":"2013-12-20T10:39:29","date_gmt":"2013-12-20T03:39:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20722"},"modified":"2018-02-07T16:48:45","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T09:48:45","slug":"arsip-kabar-hutan-warisan-martir-dari-amazon-chico-mendes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/20722\/arsip-kabar-hutan-warisan-martir-dari-amazon-chico-mendes","title":{"rendered":"Warisan martir dari Amazon: Chico Mendes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Legacy of Chico Mendes\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GzTddMd7Xz4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Tidak mungkin membicarakan tentang <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/17275\/special-report-how-a-remote-amazonian-state-is-leading-the-way-in-climate-change-policy\">hutan di Acre, Brasil<\/a> tanpa menyinggung seorang pahlawan asal kawasan tersebut: seorang penyadap karet, pemimpin perserikatan dan penjaga Amazon, Chico Mendes.<\/p>\n<p>Pembunuhan terhadapnya 25 tahun silam menjadi berita hangat di seluruh dunia \u2013 dan meski kekerasan terhadap para aktivis Amazon <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/environment\/blog\/2013\/apr\/02\/chico-mendes-killings-amazon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">tak kunjung reda<\/a>, kematian Mendes telah berdampak besar terhadap gerakan konservasi di Amazon, serta mendorong para pendukungnya untuk memperjuangkan semacam <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/17275\/special-report-how-a-remote-amazonian-state-is-leading-the-way-in-climate-change-policy\">pembangunan yang lestari dan berwawasan lingkungan jenis baru di Acre<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Chico Mendes lahir di sebuah keluarga miskin di dekat kota kecil wilayah Amazonia bernama Xapuri di Acre pada tahun 1940an. Orang tuanya, seperti kebanyakan warga lain, telah berpindah ke wilayah barat Amazon untuk menyadap lateks dari pohon karet lokal untuk dipakai dalam <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.library.georgetown.edu\/handle\/10822\/553116\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">persenjataan perang<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Sejak umur sembilan tahun, Mendes telah berkerja sebagai penyadap karet di sebuah perkebunan besar. Meski tak pernah mengenyam pendidikan formal, dia kerap menyempatkan diri untuk belajar membaca, mendengarkan siaran radio luar negeri, dan sedikit demi sedikit menyadari bahwa dia sedang dieksploitasi dan diperlakukan tidak adil dimana dia dan rekan sekerjanya berada di bawah kendali taipan karet.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17321\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17321\" style=\"width: 339px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/17295\/martyr-of-the-amazon-the-legacy-of-chico-mendes\/rubber-tapper\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17321\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-17321\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/rubber-tapper-339x500.jpg\" alt=\"Many rubber tappers in Brazil moved to the forests of the western Amazon to harvest latex from native rubber trees for use in the allied war effort. Praveen Tomy\" width=\"339\" height=\"500\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17321\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sejak kematian Chico Mendes, 48 kawasan suaka ekstraktif telah didirikan di Brasil, menghasilkan pengembangan dan konservasi yang positif bagi penghidupan masyarakat lokal. Pravean Tomy.<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/praveenmt\/2633147601\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Praveen Tomy<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Selama tahun 1970an, penyadapan karet di Brasil mulai terorganisir. Chico Mendes membantu dalam pembentukan perserikatan pekerja perdesaan di Xapuri dan mulai berjuang demi hak masyarakat perdesaan.<\/p>\n<p>Di tahun 1980an, mereka melakukan gerakan sosial yang ampuh dengan mendirikan sebuah Dewan Nasional Penyadap Karet dan menggabungkan perserikatan penyadap karet, warga sekitar sungai, dan masyarakat adat yang kemudian dikenal sebagai \u201cPeople of the Forest\/Masyarakat Hutan\u201d untuk mengadvokasi hak-hak masyarakat miskin dan melawan deforestasi.<\/p>\n<p>Di tahun 1979 and 80an, Brasil berada di bawah genggaman diktator militer yang <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/acm\/download\/pub\/grassroot\/OP-49.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">mendorong pembabatan Amazon untuk lahan peternakan<\/a>. Sebagai bagian dari kebijakan untuk memperluas perbatasan lahan pertanian, para penyadap karet <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/acm\/download\/pub\/grassroot\/OP-49.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">diusir dari perkebunan karet<\/a> oleh para pemilik peternakan yang ingin membabat hutan. Pemerintah kemudian menawarkan relokasi keluarga-keluarga ini ke proyek-proyek kolonisasi di negara tersebut \u2013 di mana banyak di antaranya masih <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/acm\/download\/pub\/grassroot\/OP-49.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">berjuang<\/a> dengan kemiskinan, penyakit dan dislokasi sosial.<\/p>\n<p>Chico Mendes dan para pendukungnya melawan balik. Para keluarga yang telah bermukim di desa dengan tenang menjadi target pemilik peternakan berikutnya \u2013 sebuah taktik yang dikenal dengan <i><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/acm\/download\/pub\/grassroot\/OP-49.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">empate<\/a>. <\/i>Mereka berdiri dengan gergaji mesin dan memblok buldoser.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAwalnya saya berpikir perjuangan saya untuk menyelamatkan pohon karet; kemudian saya berpikir ini juga perjuangan untuk menyelamatkan hutan Amazon.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSekarang saya menyadari bahwa perjuangan saya untuk menyelamatkan umat manusia.\u201d<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"524\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"334\"><b>Kisah di atas adalah bagian dari paket multimedia tentang hutan hujan Amazon. Lebih lanjut silakan kunjungi <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.cifor.org\/amazon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">forestsnews.cifor.org\/amazon.<\/a><br \/>\n<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Kini Presiden Dewan Nasional Penyadap Karet, bermitra dengan gerakan konservasi internasional dan merintis ide untuk <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/1778.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u201ckawasan suaka ekstraktif\u201d<\/a> sebagai sebuah cara bagi masyarakat hutan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup sembari melindungi hutan.<\/p>\n<p>Namun ini membuat marah para pemilik tanah dan pendukungnya. Di tahun 1987, Mendes menggagalkan rencana pemilik peternakan Darly Alves da Silva untuk membabat sebuah areal di hutan yang telah diperuntukkan sebagai kawasan suaka alami.<\/p>\n<p>Pada tanggal 22 Desember 1988, Mendes ditemukan tertembak mati di luar rumahnya di Xapuri. Da Silva, anak laki-lakinya dan seorang laki-laki diduga sebagai pembunuhnya.<\/p>\n<p>Marcos Afonso, teman Mendes, yang sekarang menjadi Direktur <a href=\"http:\/\/bibliotecaflorestaacre.blogspot.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Perpustakaan Hutan Acre<\/a>, menyatakan bahwa pemilik peternakan itu melakukan kesalahan fatal.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMereka menghilangkan pemimpin untuk meredakan perlawanan. Namun sebaliknya yang terjadi, perlawanan justru meningkat karenanya,\u201d ujarnya.<\/p>\n<p>Pembunuhan tersebut menjadi berita internasional dan menimbulkan protes yang masif di Brasil.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTentu saja kami bersedih dan sangat kehilangan setelah pembunuhan ini \u2013 namun perlawanan menjadi semakin besar,\u201d lanjut Afonso.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWarisan Chico adalah keberaniannya, determinasinya dan keyakinannya bahwa akan ada masa depan yang berbeda bagi Amazon.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Sepuluh tahun setelah kepergiannya, <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/acm\/download\/pub\/grassroot\/OP-49.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">rekan-rekan Mendes<\/a> mempunyai kekuasaan di Acre, membentuk \u2018Pemerintahan Hutan\u2019 yang mereka proklamirkan sendiri dan menerapkan sebuah <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/17275\/special-report-how-a-remote-amazonian-state-is-leading-the-way-in-climate-change-policy\">kebijakan pembangunan hijau yang rendah karbon<\/a> yang bertujuan untuk melindungi kawasan dari kungkungan negara yang masih berlaku di kawasan Amazon.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNegara kami adalah sebuah tolak ukur tentang bagaimana memanfaatkan sumber daya hutan dengan cerdas tanpa merusaknya,\u201d tambah Afonso.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/acm\/download\/pub\/grassroot\/OP-49.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Warisan Mendes<\/a> dapat dirasakan tidak hanya di Acre, namun di penjuru Brasil. Setahun paska kepergiannya, <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/1778.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">kawasan suaka ekstraktif<\/a> didirikan: kini, <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3418.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">setidaknya terdapat 48 lokasi<\/a> yang meliputi lebih dari 12 juta hektar di Amazon. <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/1778.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Penelitian CIFOR tentang kawasan-kawasan ini menemukan bahwa hasilnya positif<\/a> dalam keluaran atas pengembangan dan konservasinya.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cGerakan penyadap karet yang dipimpin Mendes merupakan sebuah katalis yang memunculkan perubahan besar di Brasil,\u201d terang peneliti senior CIFOR Peter Cronkleton.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSebagai hasilnya, masyarakat hutan di penjuru Brasil mendapatkan kesempatan untuk menyadari hak-hak properti mereka terhadap sumber daya hutan.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFaktanya, selain kawasan suaka ekstraktif, perubahan-perubahan ini juga menimbulkan model-model properti yang inovatif seperti kawasan suaka yang dikembangkan secara lestari dan permukiman ekstraktif\u2013agro yang memampukan masyarakat desa untuk menjaga hutan berdasar penghidupan mereka,\u201d tambahnya.<\/p>\n<p>Meski masih banyak tantangan-tantangan di kawasan Amazon di Brasil. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cptnacional.org.br\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Berdasar sebuah LSM Brasil<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/environment\/blog\/2013\/apr\/02\/chico-mendes-killings-amazon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">hampir 1000 orang<\/a> telah terbunuh di lahan sengketa desa di sepanjang Amazon Brasil sejak 1985.<\/p>\n<p>Dan meski <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/13491\/how-much-credit-can-brazil-take-for-slowing-amazon-deforestation-and-how-low-can-it-go\/\">laju deforestasi telah menurun tajam<\/a> sejak keberadaan Mendes, <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/publications\/pdf_files\/WPapers\/WP40Wertz-Kanounnikoff.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">hutan masih tetap terancam<\/a>, dari kebakaran, penebangan yang tidak lestari, pembangunan infrastruktur dan ekspansi pertanian.<\/p>\n<p>Namun Afonso percaya bahwa Mendes pasti akan bangga dengan perkembangan yang tengah terjadi di Acre.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSaya kerap berbincang dengan anak-anak Chico, dan saya bertanya kepada mereka, \u2018Apa yang akan Chico Mendes rasakan tentang yang kita lakukan sekarang?\u2019 Mereka selalu menjawab, \u2018Ayah pasti akan sangat gembira,\u2019 cerita Afonso.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cJika Chico masih hidup, dia pasti akan bangga \u2013 dan masih akan berjuang demi Amazon, karena ini adalah perjuangan tanpa henti. Masih terdapat kekuasaan lama bidang politik dan ekonomi yang memiliki pandangan antroposentris tentang pembangunan.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKita harus terus meningkatkan perlawanan dan mengembangkan model dan ide baru,\u201d pungkasnya.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNamun menurut saya, kita tengah berjuang demi keadilan warisan Chico.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai topik yang didiskusikan, silakan menghubungi Peter Cronkleton di p.cronkleton@cgiar.org.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tidak mungkin membicarakan tentang hutan di Acre, Brasil tanpa menyinggung seorang pahlawan asal kawasan tersebut: seorang penyadap karet, pemimpin perserikatan dan penjaga Amazon, Chico Mendes. Pembunuhan terhadapnya 25 tahun silam menjadi berita hangat di seluruh dunia \u2013 dan meski kekerasan terhadap para aktivis Amazon tak kunjung reda, kematian Mendes telah berdampak besar terhadap gerakan konservasi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":20739,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[182,137,173,95],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12263],"tag-bahasa":[2764,2688,2888,2522,2516,2670,2520,2589,2928,2583],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[545],"class_list":["post-20722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-community-forestry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-human-wellbeing","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-amazon","tag-bahasa-acre","tag-bahasa-amazon","tag-bahasa-chico-mendez","tag-bahasa-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-kehutanan-masyarakat","tag-bahasa-kepemilikan-dan-hak-atas-lahan","tag-bahasa-konservasi","tag-bahasa-mata-pencaharian","tag-bahasa-peter-cronkleton","tag-bahasa-tenaga-kerja","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Warisan martir dari Amazon: Chico Mendes - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/20722\/arsip-kabar-hutan-warisan-martir-dari-amazon-chico-mendes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Warisan martir dari Amazon: Chico Mendes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tidak mungkin membicarakan tentang hutan di Acre, Brasil tanpa menyinggung seorang pahlawan asal kawasan tersebut: seorang penyadap karet, pemimpin perserikatan dan penjaga Amazon, Chico Mendes. Pembunuhan terhadapnya 25 tahun silam menjadi berita hangat di seluruh dunia \u2013 dan meski kekerasan terhadap para aktivis Amazon tak kunjung reda, kematian Mendes telah berdampak besar terhadap gerakan konservasi [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/20722\/arsip-kabar-hutan-warisan-martir-dari-amazon-chico-mendes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-12-20T03:39:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-02-07T09:48:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Chico-Mendes.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"352\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"305\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kate Evans\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/20722\\\/arsip-kabar-hutan-warisan-martir-dari-amazon-chico-mendes#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/20722\\\/arsip-kabar-hutan-warisan-martir-dari-amazon-chico-mendes\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kate Evans\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4876a00a383e40d407811a87baf4130e\"},\"headline\":\"Warisan martir dari Amazon: Chico Mendes\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-12-20T03:39:29+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-07T09:48:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/20722\\\/arsip-kabar-hutan-warisan-martir-dari-amazon-chico-mendes\"},\"wordCount\":952,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/20722\\\/arsip-kabar-hutan-warisan-martir-dari-amazon-chico-mendes#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2013\\\/12\\\/Chico-Mendes.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Community forestry\",\"Forest management &amp; 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