{"id":20709,"date":"2013-12-19T13:46:08","date_gmt":"2013-12-19T06:46:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20709"},"modified":"2016-01-20T15:13:40","modified_gmt":"2016-01-20T08:13:40","slug":"degradasi-saat-hutan-tak-lagi-berupa-hutan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/20709\/degradasi-saat-hutan-tak-lagi-berupa-hutan","title":{"rendered":"Degradasi: Saat hutan tak lagi berupa hutan?"},"content":{"rendered":"

LIMA, Peru (19 Desember 2013) \u2014 Bersama dengan upaya negara-negara menyuntikkan insentif untuk memperlambat laju degradasi hutan tropis, sebuah pertanyaan besar, tak terjawab muncul: Apa sebenarnya hutan terdegradasi itu?<\/p>\n

Program yang menyediakan insentif, seperti REDD+ (Reduksi Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi hutan), sebuah inisiatif dukungan PBB, menghadapi kendala tidak akuratnya pengukuran deforestasi dan degradasi<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sebuah kriteria baru bisa membantu mengatasi masalah itu.<\/p>\n

\u201cKesulitannya adalah sebagian orang menyangka sebuah hutan terdegradasi tidak terdegradasi dibanding yang lain,\u201d papar Manuel Guariguata, ilmuwan utama Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional (CIFOR).<\/p>\n

\u201cTerdapat ratusan definisi hutan terdegradasi, tetapi mereka tidak menjernihkan mana batasan untuk definisi terdegradasi dan mana yang tidak.\u201d<\/p>\n

Guariguata dan mitranya ingin mengatasi masalah ini dengan sekelompok lima kriteria panduan yang bisa digunakan pengelola hutan dan perencana penggunaan lahan untuk mengevaluasi kondisi hutan dan menentukan apakah pemanfaatan sumber daya dilakukan secara lestari.<\/p>\n

Kriteria tersebut: produksi barang dan jasa hutan jangka panjang; keragaman hayati; gangguan tidak biasa seperti kebakaran atau spesies invasif; simpanan karbon; dan kemampuan hutan untuk melindungi tanah. Kriteria ini dapat diberikan bobot berbeda tergantung tujuan pengelolaan hutan.<\/p>\n

Para peneliti menggambarkan kriteria tersebut dan bagaimana mengukurnya dalam makalah, \u201cKerangka Operasional untuk Mendefinisikan dan Memantau Degradasi Hutan (An Operational Framework for Defining and Monitoring Forest Degradation<\/a><\/i>)\u201d, diterbitkan dalam jurnal \u201cEkologi dan Masyarakat.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cKami tidak menciptakan definisi khusus degradasi, tetapi kerja kami menyediakan panduan tentang bagaimana perencana lahan dan pengelola dapat menerapkan dimensi berbeda degradasi dalam pekerjaan mereka masing-masing,\u201d kata Guariguata.<\/p>\n

Pengelola hutan dapat menentukan kriteria paling penting dalam situasi mereka, katanya. Dalam banyak kasus, mereka kemudian bisa menggunakan teknologi penginderaan jarak jauh<\/a>, seperti citra satelit, untuk terus memantau kondisi hutan.<\/p>\n

MENUJU SEBUAH DEFINISI<\/b><\/p>\n

Kemitraan Kolaboratif Hutan<\/a> memberi sebuah definisi terkait degradasi terhadap kehilangan barang dan jasa ekosistem. Bagaimanapun, definisi itu masih membutuhkan jalan untuk membuatnya operasional bagi pengelola lahan. Lima panduan baru mencoba menjawab ini.<\/p>\n

Karena hutan menyimpan karbon dan menjadi sumber kayu dan produk lain-lain seperti bahan bakar, buah dan kacang, kriteria pertama mengukur degradasi adalah dengan mengukur berapa baik mereka menyediakan produk dan jasa ini, kata para peneliti.<\/p>\n

Kemampuan hutan untuk memproduksi kayu dan kayu bakar ditentukan oleh \u201cberkembangnya stok\u201d \u2013 volume semua pohon pada tinggi dan diameter tertentu. Tanda degradasi dapat mencakup penurunan volume tersebut terhadap waktu, penurunan sejumlah tipe tertentu pohon, atau penurunan panen produk hutan non-kayu seperti buah atau kacang, demikian menurut penelitian.<\/p>\n

Faktor kedua adalah keragaman hayati \u2013 menjadi penting karena rentang besar tanaman, serangga, binatang, jamur dan makhluk hidup lain memainkan peran krusial dalam hutan tropis, seperti sebaran, penyerbukan, kontrol penyakit dan dekomposisi, kata penulis. Fungsi-fungsi ini seringkali terkait dengan dukungan barang dan jasa ekosistem.<\/p>\n

Pengelola lahan dapat mengukur keragaman hayati dengan memantau perubahan vegetasi dan spesies penting tertentu, termasuk serangga dan burung. Mereka juga bisa melacak fragmentasi hutan, degradasi hutan jenis tertentu bisa mengakibatkan hilangnya habitat dan spesies \u2013 hewan, burung, serangga atau makhluk lain \u2013 yang bergantung padanya.<\/p>\n

Seringkali degradasi lebih jelas \u2013 hutan bisa terkoyak oleh kebakaran atau dikuasai tanaman atau serangga invasif eksotis yang mengancam spesies asli. \u201cGangguan tidak biasa,\u201d ini bisa didorong oleh perubahan iklim, yang menjadi kriteria ketiga.<\/p>\n

Hutan tidak hanya sumber produk, tetapi juga melindungi tanah dan menjaga kelembaban dengan mengatur aliran air dalam sebuah ekosistem, melepaskan air ke atmosfer<\/a> melalui daun, dalam proses yang dikenal sebagai evapotranspiration, dan mengontorl jalan air merembes ke tanah.<\/p>\n

Peneliti mendisain retensi air sebagai kriteria ketiga dan merekomendasikan pemantauan tipe degradasi ini dengan mengukur erosi tanah dan kuantitas air.<\/p>\n

Kriteria kelima dalam mendefinisikan degradasi hutan mencerminkan peran kunci yang dimainkan hutan tropis sebagai penyimpan karbon, karena hutan menyimpan sekitar separu stok karbon dunia dalam pohon hidup dan mati serta tanah.<\/p>\n

Degradasi dari fragmentasi hutan, sebuah penurunan ukuran pohon atau dalam jumlah spesies dalam hutan dapat melepaskan karbon dan mengurangi akumulasi masa depan karbon di hutan. Peneliti merekomendasikan pemantauan baik karbon tersimpan dan kehadiran spesies pohon padat, yang menyimpan sebagian besar karbon di atas permukaan, dalam hutan.<\/p>\n

Untuk semua kriteria, kunci pemantauan terletak pada batas dasar yang terpercaya, atau tingkat rujukan, menghadapi degradasi yang ingin diukur, kata Guariguata. Walaupun \u201cstandar emas\u201d terdapat pada hutan tua, ia mengingatkan bahwa pohon sendiri tidak menjadikan hutan fungsional.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnda bisa memiliki hutan cantik, tua, tetapi tidak ada binatang, akibat perburuan berlebihan,\u201d katanya. Dari titik pandang struktur hutan, hutan tidak terdegradasi, tetapi tidak ada benih tersebar, spesies bermain atau herbivora, dan hal ini akan memberi dampak pada struktur hutan.\u201d<\/p>\n

Satu bahaya \u2013 dan satu alasan mengapa peneliti menarik kriteria untuk mengukur degradasi \u2013 adalah bahwa pengambil kebijakan bisa tergoda untuk menghapus hutan ketika terdapat penebangan atau aktivitas lain, dengan beralasan karena hutan sudah \u201cterdegradasi,\u201d dan tidak lagi mampu melayani tujuan jangka panjang.<\/p>\n

Hal ini dapat memuluskan jalan pembersihan untuk jalan, bangunan, pertanian atau aktivitas lain yang lebih jauh mengancam keselamatan hutan, kata Guariguata.<\/p>\n

\u201cAda pandangan bahwa jika kita bilang sebuah hutan terdegradasi, hutan ini tidak bagus,\u201d kata Ian Thompson, ilmuwan peneliti ekologi hutan Canadian Forest Service yang menjadi penulis pembantu laporan tersebut. \u201cJika kita menggunakan praktik penebangan yang baik untuk mendapatkan kayu, hal ini tidak akan sama dengan hutan tua, tetapi akan tetap menjadi hutan produktif. Kami ingin menjelaskan miskonsepsi ini dan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat banyak dimensi degradasi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dengan kata lain, hutan terkelola baik, mempertimbangkan semua kriteria, bisa secara setara menjadi acuan dasar, kata Thompson menambahkan.<\/p>\n

Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai topik diskusi dalam artikel ini, silahkan hubungi Manuel Guariguata di <\/b>m.guariguata@cgiar.org<\/b><\/a><\/b><\/p>\n

Karya ini merupakan bagian dari Program Riset CGIAR mengenai Hutan, Pohon dan Agroforestri.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LIMA, Peru (19 Desember 2013) \u2014 Bersama dengan upaya negara-negara menyuntikkan insentif untuk memperlambat laju degradasi hutan tropis, sebuah pertanyaan besar, tak terjawab muncul: Apa sebenarnya hutan terdegradasi itu? Program yang menyediakan insentif, seperti REDD+ (Reduksi Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi hutan), sebuah inisiatif dukungan PBB, menghadapi kendala tidak akuratnya pengukuran deforestasi dan degradasi. Sebuah […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":20711,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,137,1072,151],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[4802,2523,4801,2542,2489,3240,2819,2554],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[831],"class_list":["post-20709","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-forest-management-restoration","category-landscapes","category-redd-2","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-canadian-forest-service","tag-bahasa-degradasi","tag-bahasa-ian-thompson","tag-bahasa-jasa-lingkungan","tag-bahasa-keanekaragaman-hayati","tag-bahasa-manuel-guariguata","tag-bahasa-redd","tag-bahasa-tata-kelola-hutan","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDegradasi: Saat hutan tak lagi berupa hutan? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/20709\/degradasi-saat-hutan-tak-lagi-berupa-hutan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Degradasi: Saat hutan tak lagi berupa hutan?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LIMA, Peru (19 Desember 2013) \u2014 Bersama dengan upaya negara-negara menyuntikkan insentif untuk memperlambat laju degradasi hutan tropis, sebuah pertanyaan besar, tak terjawab muncul: Apa sebenarnya hutan terdegradasi itu? Program yang menyediakan insentif, seperti REDD+ (Reduksi Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi hutan), sebuah inisiatif dukungan PBB, menghadapi kendala tidak akuratnya pengukuran deforestasi dan degradasi. 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Program yang menyediakan insentif, seperti REDD+ (Reduksi Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi hutan), sebuah inisiatif dukungan PBB, menghadapi kendala tidak akuratnya pengukuran deforestasi dan degradasi. 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