{"id":18876,"date":"2013-09-03T16:38:51","date_gmt":"2013-09-03T09:38:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=18876"},"modified":"2018-02-07T12:01:21","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T05:01:21","slug":"jenu-kuruba-industri-madu-hutan-india-bertahan-dengan-tradisi-studi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/18876\/jenu-kuruba-industri-madu-hutan-india-bertahan-dengan-tradisi-studi","title":{"rendered":"Jenu Kuruba, industri madu hutan India bertahan dengan tradisi – studi"},"content":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indonesia (3 September, 2013) \u2013 Mengamati bagaimana keterampilan mengumpulkan madu diturunkan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya, dan bagaimana keterampilan semacam itu dipertahankan, memberikan wawasan penting mengenai cara orang memperoleh dan menyebarkan berbagai jenis pengetahuan sosial yang berlainan pada usia yang berbeda, penelitian menunjukkan.<\/p>\n

Untuk masyarakat suku yang hidup di daerah pegunungan berhutan di Ghats Barat, India bagian selatan, peran budaya sentral, spiritual dan ekonomi yang dimainkan oleh pengumpulan madu diilustrasikan oleh namanya — Jenu Kuruba<\/a> –yang artinya “para pengumpul madu.”<\/p>\n

\u201cMemahami bagaimana orang belajar secara langsung mempengaruhi informasi apa yang mereka peroleh dan bagaimana mereka memanfaatkan lingkungan mereka-memahami sistem transmisi perilaku sebagai suatu keseluruhan dapat membantu memprediksikan bagaimana suatu budaya berevolusi,\u201d ujar Kathryn Demps, penulis utama \u201cSocial learning across the life cycle: Cultural knowledge acquisition for honey collection among the Jenu Kuruba, India<\/a> \u2013 sebuah proyek yang didukung sebagian oleh Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional (CIFOR).<\/p>\n

“Pengetahuan ini dapat membantu kita memahami bagaimana individu dimotivasi untuk belajar metode-metode lestari untuk memastikan penghidupan mereka di masa depan,” katanya, menambahkan bahwa keterampilan tradisional dan pengetahuan yang bertahan di antara orang-orang Jenu Kuruba karena produksi madu merupakan strategi ekonomi yang bernilai.<\/p>\n

Kurang lebih 30,000 Jenu Kuruba hidup di dalam atau dekat hutan gugur yang diawasi negara, mendapatkan bagian terbesar pendapatan mereka dengan bekerja di perkebunan kopi setempat, serta mendapat tambahan upah dengan menjual madu liar seharga kira-kira 2 dolar AS per liter (34 ounce AS) ke toko-toko setempat dan koperasi negara, menurut artikel tersebut<\/a> yang ditulis oleh Demps dan rekan-rekan sekerjanya.<\/p>\n

PENGUMPULAN MADU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Para peneliti mengumpulkan data dari kira-kira 470 penduduk desa, mewawancarai 196 orang, dan menemukan bahwa anak-anak mulai belajar mengenai pengumpulan madu antara usia 6 sampai 8 tahun.<\/p>\n

Mereka memperoleh sebagian besar pengetahuan mereka mengenai lebah dan pengumpulan madu sebelum usia 12 tahun dari anggota-anggota keluarga, tetapi secara fisik tidak dapat mulai mengumpulkan dari sarang lebah raksasa yang paling produktif sampai mereka cukup besar dan cukup kuat, ungkap laporan tersebut. Pada usianya kemudian, mereka lebih cenderung untuk belajar dari teman-teman sebayanya dan individu-individu yang berhasil agar dapat memgasah keterampilan dan pengetahuan.<\/p>\n

Pada usia 18 tahun, anak-anak lelaki mengumpulkan madu dari sarang di cabang-cabang pepohonan atau batu karang, sering kali lebih dari 40 meter (130 kaki) di atas permukaan tanah, di dalam kelompok-kelompok
\nterdiri atas 3 sampai 8 orang.<\/p>\n

Tugas-tugas terkait, seperti memotong sarang lebah madu, menampung madu dalam keranjang dan membuat obor berasap untuk mengurangi sengatan, dibagi di antara para lelaki, yang sering kali mengumpulkan madu di malam hari ketika lebah tidak begitu agresif.<\/p>\n

Kaum lelaki biasanya berhenti mengumpulkan madu antara usia 40 sampai 50, tetapi beberapa di antaranya terus mendampingi lelaki yang lebih muda dalam peran penasihat.<\/p>\n

Anak-anak perempuan dilarang mengumpulkan madu ketika mereka mencapai usia pubertas.<\/p>\n

DAMPAK PENUAAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sebagian besar pengetahuan pengumpulan madu diperoleh pada awal usia 20 tahun – sangat sedikit orang yang belajar atau menguasai suatu keterampilan sesudah usia 30 tahun dan tidak ada yang belajar menguasainya setelah usia 40 tahun, demikian ditemukan para peneliti.<\/p>\n

“Waktu berlatih yang pasti dan kesempatan mengamati yang terbatas berarti bahwa orang-orang yang melewatkan pembelajaran pada usia muda mungkin tidak akan pernah dapat mengejar kekurangan tersebut selanjutnya dalam hidup,” laporan tersebut menyebutkan.<\/p>\n

Masyarakat yang memiliki pengetahuan khusus dalam wawancara untuk studi ini, tidak selalu orang berusia tua, menunjukkan bahwa para peneliti tidak boleh mengasumsikan bahwa orang-orang tua merupakan penyimpan keahlian mengenai pengetahuan budaya, ungkap laporan tersebut.<\/p>\n

Berbagai wawancara mengungkapkan bahwa pada kelompok yang paling tua, kemunduran terkait usia dalam hal kemampuan mental dan fisik memiliki dampak.<\/p>\n

Transmisi pengetahuan dari orang tua kepada anak ternyata penting, tetapi memperluas sampel guru-guru potensial memberikan kesempatan lebih besar bagi satu individu dalam memperoleh informasi lebih baik atau lebih mutakhir, ungkap laporan tersebut.<\/p>\n

“Pengetahuan ritualistik secara umum dipelihara oleh sejumlah kecil individu, dan dengan demikian, tidak mungkin untuk dimiliki- dan dengan demikian diajarkan- oleh orang tua seseorang,” tambah laporan tersebut.<\/p>\n

“Kami menemukan bahwa agar keterampilan ini bertahan, harus ada motivasi – dalam kasus ini, uang,- dan juga pemaparan terhadap orang-orang yang berpengetahuan dan terhadap lingkungan di mana kegiatan tersebut terjadi,” katanya, menambahkan bahwa jika satu dari ketiga faktor tersebut dihilangkan, keterampilan itu diatur, dan dengan demikian kewirausahaan tersebut mungkin akan hilang bagi generasi berikutnya,”<\/p>\n

Karya ini membentuk sebagian dari Penelitian CGIAR mengenai Hutan, Pohon dan Wanatani dan didukung oleh NSF-Cultural Anthropology Program dan ANR-French National Research Agency Project (Public Policies and Traditional Management of Trees and Forests-POPULAR). Karya di India merupakan bagian dari proyek Managing Biodiversity in Mountain Landscapes (Mengelola Keanekaragaman Hayati di Lanskap Gunung) (http:\/\/www.ifpindia.org\/Managing-<\/a> Biodiversity-in-Mountain-Landscapes.html)?<\/p>\n

Untuk informasi lebih jauh mengenai topik-topik yang didiskusikan dalam artikel ini, silakan hubungi Terry Sunderland di t.sunderland@cgiar.org<\/b><\/a> atau Claude Garcia di claude.garcia@cirad.fr<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indonesia (3 September, 2013) \u2013 Mengamati bagaimana keterampilan mengumpulkan madu diturunkan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya, dan bagaimana keterampilan semacam itu dipertahankan, memberikan wawasan penting mengenai cara orang memperoleh dan menyebarkan berbagai jenis pengetahuan sosial yang berlainan pada usia yang berbeda, penelitian menunjukkan. Untuk masyarakat suku yang hidup di daerah pegunungan berhutan di […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":36645,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,182,188,137,173,95,1072,184],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12280],"tag-bahasa":[2560,3063,3064,2674],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3099],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[989],"class_list":["post-18876","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-community-forestry","category-food-and-diets","category-forest-management-restoration","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-human-wellbeing","category-landscapes","category-value-chains-finance","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-india","tag-bahasa-jender","tag-bahasa-jenu-kuruba","tag-bahasa-kathryn-demps","tag-bahasa-pengetahuan-dan-praktik-tradisional","type-bahasa-berita"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJenu Kuruba, industri madu hutan India bertahan dengan tradisi - studi - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/18876\/jenu-kuruba-industri-madu-hutan-india-bertahan-dengan-tradisi-studi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jenu Kuruba, industri madu hutan India bertahan dengan tradisi - studi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indonesia (3 September, 2013) \u2013 Mengamati bagaimana keterampilan mengumpulkan madu diturunkan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya, dan bagaimana keterampilan semacam itu dipertahankan, memberikan wawasan penting mengenai cara orang memperoleh dan menyebarkan berbagai jenis pengetahuan sosial yang berlainan pada usia yang berbeda, penelitian menunjukkan. 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