{"id":17186,"date":"2013-06-12T15:44:04","date_gmt":"2013-06-12T08:44:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=17186"},"modified":"2015-10-27T16:33:44","modified_gmt":"2015-10-27T09:33:44","slug":"semakin-banyak-hutan-semakin-besar-kuasa-menganalisa-kemungkinan-bendungan-belo-monte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/17186\/semakin-banyak-hutan-semakin-besar-kuasa-menganalisa-kemungkinan-bendungan-belo-monte","title":{"rendered":"Semakin berhutan, semakin berenergi: Analisa kelangsungan bendungan Belo Monte"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sebagian besar kontroversi mengenai pembangkit listrik tenaga air di negara tropis difokuskan pada akibat dari konstruksi bendungan dan penggenangan terhadap manusia dan lingkungan. Tetapi bagaimana dampak hutan terhadap bendungan? Satu tim ilmuwan AS dan Brasil menyodorkan sebuah perspektif  unik mengenai hubungan antara hutan dan pembangkit tenaga air dalam <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/110\/23\/9601\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">artikel<\/a> yang baru dipublikasikan <i>Proceedings of  the National Academy of Sciences<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Kajian Stickler dkk. difokuskan pada polemik kompleks pembangkit tenaga air Belo Monte, yang terletak daerah aliran Sungai Xingu, kawasan Amazon Brasil. Proyek yang rencananya selesai 2015, Belo Monte akan menjadi bendungan pembangkit tenaga air terbesar ketiga di dunia. Pembangunan konstruksinya telah menjadi subjek protes <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/7005\/brazil-dominates-forest-related-news-coverage-in-latin-america-in-2011\/#.Ubg5eG9g-Bk\">lokal, nasional dan internasional<\/a>, khususnya karena prediksi ancaman terhadap ekosistem air dan masyarakat lokal (termasuk kelompok masyarakat asli ternama), seiring dengan keraguan soal keberlangsungan ekonomisnya.<\/p>\n<p>Terlepas dari kontroversi besar tersebut, pemerintah Brasil meneruskan proyek ini; pembangkit tenaga air terlalu menggoda, khususnya bagi sebuah negara dengan sungai-sungai besar dan sekitar<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/regreform\/reform\/34427493.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"> 80 persen konsumsi energi<\/a> listrik berasal dari sumber ini. Belo Monte sendiri diharapkan menyuplai 40% kebutuhan energi yang terus berkembang di Brasil hingga 2019. Tetapi apa yang terjadi ketika hutan, dan hujan yang dihasilkannya, dimasukkan dalam estimasi produksi energi?<\/p>\n<p>Dalam kajian ini, Stickler dkk. mengintegrasikan tumbuhan, hidrologi dan model iklim pada skala lokal dan regional untuk menciptakan skenario untuk pembangkitan energi dari Belo Monte yang berkaitan dengan tutupan hutan Amazon. Kebaruan kajian ini adalah bahwa penulis memasukkan dampak tidak langsung potensi deforestasi terhadap aliran air dalam analisis mereka\u2014yaitu berkurangnya curah hujan\u2014sebagai tambahan terhadap dampak langsung berkurangnya evapotranspirasi ketika hutan digantikan oleh perkebunan dan peternakan.<\/p>\n<div>\n<dl id=\"attachment_17074\">\n<dt>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17074\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17074\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/indig-protest-belo-monte.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-17074\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/indig-protest-belo-monte-500x363.jpg\" alt=\"Pembangunan konstruksi bendungan Belo Monte telah menjadi subjek protes lokal, nasional dan internasional, khususnya karena prediksi ancaman terhadap ekosistem air dan masyarakat lokalAtossa Soltani\/Amazon Watch\/Spectral Q.\" width=\"500\" height=\"363\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17074\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pembangunan konstruksi bendungan Belo Monte telah menjadi subjek protes lokal, nasional dan internasional, khususnya karena prediksi ancaman terhadap ekosistem air dan masyarakat lokalAtossa Soltani\/Amazon Watch\/Spectral Q.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>Tanpa memasukkan dampak tidak langsung ini, mereka mungkin berhenti pada temuan bahwa simulasi deforestasi masa depan di daerah aliran Sungai Xingu (40% pada 2050 di bawah skenario \u2018business-as-usual\u2019) akan meningkatkan aliran sungai dan pembangkitan energi hingga 10%, yang mendukung kajian s<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022169409001322\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">eputar Amazon sebelumnya <\/a>dan <a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jid.709\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">pemahaman konvensional mengenai<\/a> hubungan antara pembabatan hutan dan aliran air (Calder 2005).<\/p>\n<p>Dengan memasukkan dampak tutupan hutan terhadap curah hujan di Lembah Amazon, kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa penurunan curah hujan terkait dengan deforestasi kawasan Amazon dalam skala besar akan dapat membalikkan hasil tersebut: Berkurangnya curah hujan di daerah aliran Sungai Xingu akan diimbangi turunnya evapotranspirasi lokal, yang pada akhirnya menurunkan aliran sungai dan pembangkitan energi hingga 30-36%.<\/p>\n<p>Jadi, tegakkan hutan sebenarnya menolong mengamankan potensi pembangkit energi air, khususnya di tempat di mana curah hujan musiman berlangsung ekstrim.<\/p>\n<p>Temuan ini menjadi kunci bagi pembuat kebijakan dan industri pembangkit tenaga air sendiri. Stickler dkk. menyimpulkan bahwa dalam skenario deforestasi \u201c<i>business as usual<\/i>\u201d, Belo Monte tidak mampu mencapai tingkat pencapaian target energi hingga sepertiganya. Hanya dengan terus menjaga deforestasi Amazon terkontrol, Brasil akan mampu memenuhi janjinya untuk membangkitkan energi dari Belo Monte. Dan hal ini, seperti diakui penulis, dilakukan tanpa memasukkan kontribusi tambahan perubahan iklim akibat emisi gas rumah kaca hingga kemungkinan kekeringan dan musim panas lebih panjang di Amazon. Apakah informasi ini cukup untuk mendorong sektor energi untuk menjadi pendukung konservasi hutan?<\/p>\n<p>Artikel ini sangat aktual, mengingat ekspansi pembangkit tenaga air untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi listrik berada di puncak agenda pembangunan banyak negara tropis dengan miliaran dolar telah diinvestasikan untuk sumber energi ini.<\/p>\n<p>Mengingat keuntungan energi bisa lebih rendah dari yang awalnya dibayangkan, para penulis menyimpulkan bahwa kelangsungan hidup Belo Monte dan proyek sejenis sebagai sumber energi andalan masih membutuhkan uji kritis, terutama mengingat telah munculnya dampak besar terhadap masyarakat lokal.<\/p>\n<p>Sementara langkah-langkah untuk meminimalisir dampak sosial dan lingkungan berkaitan dengan pembangunan bendungan harus berlanjut, ketergantungan pembangkit tenaga air terhadap hutan harus juga terus dipertimbangkan. Brasil telah mendapatkan pengakuan internasional atas berkurangnya deforestasi di Amazon sejak 2005. Artikel ini memberikan bukti menarik bahwa cita-cita keamanan energi nasional melalui pembangkit tenaga air bergantung pada keberlanjutan tren ini.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sebagian besar kontroversi mengenai pembangkit listrik tenaga air di negara tropis difokuskan pada akibat dari konstruksi bendungan dan penggenangan terhadap manusia dan lingkungan. Tetapi bagaimana dampak hutan terhadap bendungan? Satu tim ilmuwan AS dan Brasil menyodorkan sebuah perspektif unik mengenai hubungan antara hutan dan pembangkit tenaga air dalam artikel yang baru dipublikasikan Proceedings of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":68,"featured_media":36685,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,95],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12231],"tag-bahasa":[2688,2765,2522,2541,2640,2520,2575,2589],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[3087],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[625],"class_list":["post-17186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-human-wellbeing","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-brazil","tag-bahasa-amazon","tag-bahasa-belo-monte","tag-bahasa-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-energi","tag-bahasa-hujan","tag-bahasa-konservasi","tag-bahasa-masyarakat-adat","tag-bahasa-mata-pencaharian","type-bahasa-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.8 (Yoast SEO v28.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Semakin berhutan, semakin berenergi: Analisa kelangsungan bendungan Belo Monte - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/17186\/semakin-banyak-hutan-semakin-besar-kuasa-menganalisa-kemungkinan-bendungan-belo-monte\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Semakin berhutan, semakin berenergi: Analisa kelangsungan bendungan Belo Monte\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sebagian besar kontroversi mengenai pembangkit listrik tenaga air di negara tropis difokuskan pada akibat dari konstruksi bendungan dan penggenangan terhadap manusia dan lingkungan. Tetapi bagaimana dampak hutan terhadap bendungan? Satu tim ilmuwan AS dan Brasil menyodorkan sebuah perspektif unik mengenai hubungan antara hutan dan pembangkit tenaga air dalam artikel yang baru dipublikasikan Proceedings of the [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/17186\/semakin-banyak-hutan-semakin-besar-kuasa-menganalisa-kemungkinan-bendungan-belo-monte\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-06-12T08:44:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-10-27T09:33:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/brazil-dam-500x337_bhs.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"337\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Amy Duchelle\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/17186\\\/semakin-banyak-hutan-semakin-besar-kuasa-menganalisa-kemungkinan-bendungan-belo-monte#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/17186\\\/semakin-banyak-hutan-semakin-besar-kuasa-menganalisa-kemungkinan-bendungan-belo-monte\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Amy Duchelle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/cc75baaa8a54ce6104bab48c1e7d0440\"},\"headline\":\"Semakin berhutan, semakin berenergi: Analisa kelangsungan bendungan Belo Monte\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-06-12T08:44:04+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-10-27T09:33:44+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/17186\\\/semakin-banyak-hutan-semakin-besar-kuasa-menganalisa-kemungkinan-bendungan-belo-monte\"},\"wordCount\":642,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/17186\\\/semakin-banyak-hutan-semakin-besar-kuasa-menganalisa-kemungkinan-bendungan-belo-monte#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2013\\\/06\\\/brazil-dam-500x337_bhs.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change &amp; 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