{"id":163710,"date":"2026-08-26T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T02:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/163710\/peru-high-integrity-carbon-indigenous-redd"},"modified":"2026-09-25T11:17:06","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T04:17:06","slug":"karbon-berintegritas-tinggi-peru-redd-masyarakat-adat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/163710\/karbon-berintegritas-tinggi-peru-redd-masyarakat-adat","title":{"rendered":"Siapa yang menentukan standar karbon \u201cberintegritas tinggi\u201d? Pembelajaran dari masyarakat adat di Peru"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sekitar 18 tahun setelah Peru<\/a> mulai mengembangkan kredit karbon terverifikasi sebagai bagian dari upaya mengatasi perubahan iklim, para pemangku kepentingan masih berupaya memahami apa yang dimaksud dengan \u201ckarbon berintegritas tinggi\u201d dalam konteks R<\/em>educing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation<\/em> (REDD+) <\/a>yurisdiksional. REDD+ merupakan mekanisme global untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim melalui upaya konservasi hutan. Namun, masih ada kekhawatiran bahwa terdapat kesenjangan antara wacana dan kenyataan di lapangan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Penelitian terbaru<\/a> berdasarkan wawancara dengan berbagai pemangku kepentingan\u2014mulai dari sektor swasta, pemerintah, hingga organisasi masyarakat adat\u2014menemukan adanya kesepakatan luas bahwa inisiatif REDD+ yurisdiksional (JREDD+<\/a>) perlu memasukkan kriteria sosial, selain memenuhi persyaratan lingkungan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Namun, masih banyak kekhawatiran tentang penerapan konsep ini di lapangan. Salah satu penyebabnya, JREDD+ sendiri masih dalam tahap awal perkembangannya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIni merupakan hal yang masih baru dan belum banyak dibahas hingga saat ini,\u201d kata Vania Mart\u00ednez, peneliti senior bidang Hak dan Keadilan Lingkungan di Landscape Alliance<\/a>, yang juga merupakan salah satu dari tiga penulis riset brief<\/a> tersebut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peru mulai mengembangkan proyek-proyek REDD+<\/a> pada 2008 di bawah koordinasi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (MINAM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bentang alam berhutan di Ucayali, Peru. Foto: Marlon del Aguila Guerrero \/ Landscape Alliance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sejak saat itu, kekhawatiran terhadap kredibilitas REDD+ semakin meningkat di berbagai negara. Pada saat yang sama, permintaan terhadap kredit karbon sukarela dari proyek-proyek REDD+ berbasis proyek mengalami penurunan yang signifikan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Penurunan tersebut kini mendorong meningkatnya perhatian terhadap karbon berintegritas tinggi, dengan fokus tidak hanya pada keabsahan kredit karbon, tetapi juga pada tata kelola, transparansi, serta penghormatan terhadap hak masyarakat adat dan komunitas lokal (IP&LC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pada saat yang sama, para donor dan pemerintah mulai beralih ke model REDD+ berbasis yurisdiksi yang dinilai lebih kredibel dan terintegrasi dibandingkan proyek-proyek individual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Berdasarkan 18 wawancara yang dilakukan antara Juni dan Agustus 2025 dengan perwakilan sektor swasta, organisasi masyarakat adat, non-governmental organizations (NGO), para ahli, dan pejabat pemerintah, penelitian ini menemukan kesepahaman bahwa konsep karbon berintegritas tinggi kini tidak lagi sekadar berpegang pada prinsip \u201ctidak menimbulkan kerugian\u201d (do no harm<\/em>), tetapi juga mencakup kriteria sosial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Namun, di balik kesepakatan tersebut masih terdapat berbagai pertanyaan dan kekhawatiran dari masyarakat lokal dan para pemangku kepentingan mengenai bagaimana JREDD+ dan integritas sosial yang tinggi diterapkan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pada awalnya, upaya REDD+ berfokus pada pengukuran di sektor kehutanan, dengan perhatian yang masih terbatas terhadap perlindungan sosial. Kondisi ini memicu ketegangan dengan masyarakat adat dan komunitas lokal (IP&LC) di wilayah tempat proyek-proyek tersebut dilaksanakan. Tekanan dari para donor dan kelompok yang memperjuangkan hak masyarakat kemudian mendorong masuknya kriteria sosial ke dalam definisi integritas kredit karbon. Perkembangan ini antara lain ditandai dengan Canc\u00fan safeguards<\/em> yang disepakati pada COP16 pada 2010, yang menetapkan kerangka perlindungan sosial yang lebih terbatas dengan prinsip \u201ctidak menimbulkan kerugian\u201d (do no harm<\/em>). Kemudian, pendekatan tersebut mulai berkembang menuju konsep yang menilai dampak karbon dan dampak sosial secara lebih menyeluruh dan ketat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDari perspektif tata kelola, pendekatan yurisdiksional merupakan cara untuk mengatasi berbagai faktor pendorong deforestasi, termasuk akar penyebabnya, sekaligus mendorong investasi dan pembangunan berkelanjutan di suatu wilayah,\u201d kata Anne Larson, ilmuwan utama di Landscape Alliance dan salah satu penulis penelitian ini. Ia juga merupakan salah satu penulis kajian terbaru tentang tiga bentang alam JREDD+ di Brasil, Indonesia, dan Peru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karbon berintegritas tinggi dengan komponen sosial yang kuat berperan penting dalam pendekatan ini. Namun, diperlukan pula perangkat dan tujuan yang jelas untuk menerapkannya, kata Gabriela Gonzales Malca, peneliti senior bidang Tata Kelola Lingkungan di Landscape Alliance dan salah satu penulis penelitian tersebut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Anggota masyarakat memberikan informasi kepada tim Landscape Alliance di Cashiboya, Loreto, Peru. Foto: Marlon del Aguila Guerrero \/ Landscape Alliance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"People
Masyarakat mengelola lahan agroforestri di Cashiboya, Loreto, Peru. Foto: Marlon del Aguila Guerrero \/ Landscape Alliance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBanyak orang membicarakannya, tetapi ketika diterapkan dalam praktik di lapangan, konsep ini sering kali tidak berjalan sebagaimana mestinya,\u201d tambah Gonzales Malca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sejumlah perwakilan NGO yang diwawancarai dalam penelitian tersebut juga menyampaikan keraguan serupa. Seorang ahli dari masyarakat adat memperingatkan bahwa jika tidak diterapkan secara menyeluruh dan tepat, inisiatif JREDD+ dapat berubah menjadi sekadar mekanisme pasar yang berorientasi pada keuntungan, tanpa memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat setempat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ketika diminta oleh peneliti untuk mengurutkan aspek-aspek yang menjadi prioritas dalam mewujudkan integritas tinggi, berbagai kelompok pemangku kepentingan memberikan pandangan yang berbeda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para NGO menekankan pentingnya akuntabilitas keuangan dan pembagian manfaat yang adil. Mereka mencatat bahwa 70 persen nilai kredit karbon ditujukan bagi masyarakat yang menjaga dan mengelola hutan. Organisasi masyarakat adat memprioritaskan tata kelola yang inklusif dan keberlanjutan pendanaan. Sementara itu, para ahli menilai kejelasan hak dan pembagian manfaat sebagai dasar utama. Sektor swasta lebih menekankan kepastian hak atas tanah dan pengakuan kepemilikan secara formal, yang dinilai penting untuk memberikan kepastian hukum dan mengurangi biaya bagi pelaku usaha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hampir semua kelompok sepakat bahwa \u201ctata kelola yang inklusif\u201d merupakan salah satu prinsip utama. Namun, Mart\u00ednez mengatakan bahwa konsep tersebut dipahami dalam cakupan yang sangat luas, sehingga sulit diterapkan dan diukur di lapangan. Akibatnya, proses verifikasi terlalu sering kembali mengandalkan metrik karbon yang sudah umum digunakan atau sekadar memeriksa kelengkapan dokumen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Perbedaan pandangan paling mencolok terlihat pada prioritas sosial dan budaya, seperti pengakuan terhadap tata kelola masyarakat adat, pendekatan antarbudaya, serta fleksibilitas dalam pengelolaan wilayah\u2014yang hampir secara eksklusif diperjuangkan oleh para pemimpin masyarakat adat.<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ketika ditanya mengenai siapa pemangku kepentingan yang saat ini telah menerapkan integritas sosial yang tinggi, para responden menggambarkan bentang alam yang masih terfragmentasi. NGO menyebut PROFONANPE (Peruvian Trust Fund for National Parks and Protected Areas<\/em>); para pejabat menunjuk Peru Carbon Forum; sementara organisasi masyarakat adat dan para ahli paling sering menyebut Grupo Per\u00fa, beserta program REDD+ yurisdiksional yang dipimpin masyarakat adat yang masih dalam tahap awal, tetapi memiliki ambisi besar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baru-baru ini, pendekatan JREDD+ inovatif di Peru dikembangkan bersama oleh MINAM dan Grupo Per\u00fa, sebuah koalisi yang terdiri atas Asosiasi Antar-Etnis untuk Pembangunan Hutan Hujan Peru (AIDESEP), Konfederasi Kebangsaan Amazon Peru (CONAP), dan Asosiasi Nasional Pengelola Kontrak Administrasi Cagar Alam Komunal Peru (ANECAP).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pendekatan ini disebut sebagai program REDD+ yurisdiksional pertama di dunia yang diterapkan di wilayah masyarakat adat, dengan menempatkan organisasi masyarakat adat sebagai mitra strategis dalam pengambilan keputusan, bukan sekadar penerima manfaat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pendekatan ini dibangun berdasarkan Amazon Indigenous REDD+<\/em> (RIA) yang dipromosikan oleh AIDESEP. Pendekatan tersebut menetapkan pengakuan atas hak kepemilikan dan penguasaan lahan secara kolektif, partisipasi masyarakat adat yang efektif dalam pengambilan keputusan, serta akses yang adil terhadap manfaat sebagai syarat minimum dalam pembahasan awal mengenai REDD+.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"Community
Lokakarya REDD+ di komunitas La Roya, Ucayali, Peru. Foto: Juan Carlos Huayllapuma \/ Landscape Alliance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Menurut Gonzales Malca, sebagian besar masyarakat adat yang diwawancarai menilai pendekatan Grupo Per\u00fa merupakan langkah penting menuju integritas tinggi. Pendekatan ini mengintegrasikan pengambilan keputusan oleh masyarakat, pembagian manfaat, dan konsultasi dengan seluruh komunitas di wilayah adat. Ia menyebutnya sebagai \u201clangkah penting menuju integritas tinggi.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Namun, Larson mengingatkan bahwa Grupo Per\u00fa saja belum dapat disebut sebagai pendekatan yurisdiksional yang utuh, karena faktor-faktor pendorong deforestasi sebagian besar berasal dari luar wilayah adat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cArtinya, Grupo Per\u00fa tidak hanya perlu terus bekerja sama dengan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, tetapi kementerian pemerintah lainnya juga perlu terlibat secara mendalam. Hal ini tampaknya sulit terwujud,\u201d ujarnya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para penulis menilai bahwa tanpa kebijakan yang selaras\u2014mulai dari pengakuan hak atas tanah, investasi, hingga penegakan hukum terhadap kegiatan ilegal\u2014tekanan dari luar dapat menghambat pencapaian target iklim, meskipun masyarakat telah mengelola wilayahnya dengan baik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mart\u00ednez mengatakan bahwa dalam wawancaranya dengan seorang pejabat Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, ia terkesan melihat Grupo Per\u00fa bergerak jauh lebih cepat dalam mengembangkan JREDD+ dibandingkan pemerintah sendiri, yang memiliki prioritas lain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seorang mantan pejabat MINAM menilai masih terlalu dini untuk menyebut JREDD+ sebagai mekanisme berintegritas tinggi karena konsultasi mengenai peta jalan (roadmap<\/em>) baru dimulai. Menurutnya, salah satu tolok ukur yang dapat digunakan adalah apakah prinsip persetujuan atas dasar informasi awal tanpa paksaan (free, prior and informed consent\/FPIC<\/em>) benar-benar melibatkan dan memberikan manfaat bagi setiap komunitas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Menurut para penulis, hal-hal tersebut menjadi indikator penting untuk melihat apakah integritas sosial benar-benar diterapkan dalam praktik, bukan sekadar menjadi wacana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
AIDESEP<\/a>, <\/span>Amazon<\/a>, <\/span>carbon credits<\/a>, <\/span>carbon markets<\/a>, <\/span>climate change<\/a>, <\/span>forest conservation<\/a>, <\/span>forest governance<\/a>, <\/span>Grupo Per\u00fa<\/a>, <\/span>High-integrity carbon<\/a>, <\/span>indigenous peoples<\/a>, <\/span>Jurisdictional REDD+<\/a>, <\/span>Landscape Alliance<\/a>, <\/span>Peru<\/a>, <\/span>REDD+<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Apa yang membuat kredit karbon benar-benar \u201cberintegritas tinggi\u201d? Sebuah penelitian terbaru mengkaji bagaimana koalisi REDD+ yurisdiksional yang dipimpin masyarakat adat di Peru turut mengubah perdebatan dengan menempatkan tata kelola, hak masyarakat, dan partisipasi komunitas sebagai bagian penting, bersama dengan pencapaian target iklim.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":309,"featured_media":141598,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12042,12114,12105,12060,12052,12091],"tags":[13639,12579,13640,12459,12405,12609,12685,13641,13642,13131,13436,13067,12585,12406],"language":[2168],"location":[12237,12227],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[2432],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[8801],"class_list":["post-163710","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energi-perubahan-iklim","category-forests-news-id","category-hutan-masyarakat","category-kesejahteraan-masyarakat","category-pengelolaan-restorasi-hutan","category-redd-id","tag-aidesep","tag-amazon","tag-carbon-credits","tag-carbon-markets","tag-climate-change","tag-forest-conservation","tag-forest-governance","tag-grupo-peru","tag-high-integrity-carbon","tag-indigenous-peoples","tag-jurisdictional-redd","tag-landscape-alliance","tag-peru","tag-redd","language-english","location-latin-america","location-peru","type-english-feature"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWho defines high-integrity carbon? 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