{"id":157728,"date":"2026-03-20T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-20T02:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/157728\/congo-basin-forests-underfunded-part1"},"modified":"2026-04-10T15:47:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T08:47:10","slug":"mengapa-hutan-cekungan-kongo-kurang-didanai-bagian-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/157728\/mengapa-hutan-cekungan-kongo-kurang-didanai-bagian-1","title":{"rendered":"Hutan tropis di Cekungan Kongo kekurangan dana. Dampaknya tak sepele."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ini adalah tulisan pertama dari dua seri opini yang menyoroti kesenjangan pendanaan hutan di Cekungan Kongo.<\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cekungan Kongo menyerap karbon dioksida enam kali lebih banyak daripada Amazon<\/a>, namun hanya menerima sebagian kecil pendanaan global untuk pengelolaan dan konservasi hutan. Dengan pengalaman lebih dari dua dekade di bidang kebijakan hutan tropis, kami menilai kondisi ini sebagai salah satu kegagalan pasar paling mengkhawatirkan dalam pendanaan iklim global\u2014dan situasinya terus memburuk, meski komitmen dana semakin besar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data menunjukkan ketimpangan yang sulit diabaikan. Antara 2008 hingga 2017, Asia Tenggara menyerap 55 persen pendanaan hutan tropis global, diikuti Amazon dengan 34 persen\u2014sementara Cekungan Kongo hanya kebagian 11 persen. Pola ini hampir tak berubah hingga hari ini.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sementara itu, Norwegia telah menyalurkan USD 1,2 miliar ke Brasil melalui Amazon Fund sejak 2008, serta menandatangani kesepakatan REDD+ senilai USD 1 miliar dengan Indonesia<\/a> pada 2010, menegaskan betapa besarnya dukungan yang mengalir ke wilayah lain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Central African Forest Initiative (CAFI) yang bekerja di enam negara Cekungan Kongo telah menghimpun komitmen pendanaan sekitar USD 680 juta. Dana ini mencakup dua perjanjian utama dengan Republik Demokratik Kongo sebesar USD 200 juta<\/a> pada 2016 dan USD 500 juta <\/a>pada 2021 serta kemitraan dengan sejumlah negara lain di kawasan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Baca juga<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Pembiayaan alam yang inklusif: Saatnya TFFF dan Global South memimpin<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Namun, pencairannya tertinggal jauh. Hingga akhir 2020, hanya sekitar USD 202 juta yang benar-benar disalurkan. Meski ada peningkatan pada 2024 dengan pencairan mencapai USD 122 juta, kesenjangan antara janji dan realisasi tetap mencolok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dalam perspektif global, total komitmen CAFI kepada DRC sejak 2015\u2014sekitar USD 700 juta\u2014bahkan belum menyamai dana yang dijanjikan Norwegia kepada satu negara di Amazon sejak 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dilihat dari skala pendanaan dan luas lahan, ketimpangannya jelas. Sejak 2015, total komitmen CAFI kepada Republik Demokratik Kongo\u2014sekitar USD 700 juta\u2014bahkan belum menyamai dukungan yang dijanjikan Norwegia kepada satu negara di Amazon sejak 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perbedaan ini juga tercermin dalam pendanaan per hektare: Amazon menerima sekitar USD 1,14 per hektare per tahun, Asia Tenggara hingga USD 2,10, sedangkan Cekungan Kongo tertinggal jauh di kisaran USD 0,21 hingga 0,50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Angkanya mencolok. Untuk menjaga hutan di Republik Demokratik Kongo, dibutuhkan USD 10 hingga 15 per hektare per tahun\u2014atau lebih dari USD 500 juta setiap tahun untuk seluruh kawasan hutan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tampak udara hutan di Yangambi, Republik Demokratik Kongo. Foto oleh Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Namun, nilai jasa karbon yang dihasilkan Cekungan Kongo mencapai sekitar USD 55 miliar per tahun, menurut Center for Global Development<\/a>. Sementara itu, bantuan kehutanan untuk Afrika hanya sekitar USD 170 juta per tahun. Selisih sekitar 150 banding 1 ini bukan sekadar ketimpangan\u2014melainkan potret jelas kegagalan pasar dalam kebijakan iklim global.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apa yang menyebabkan ketimpangan ini?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Sering kali, jawabannya mengarah pada isu tata kelola. Negara-negara di Cekungan Kongo menghadapi tantangan dalam hal korupsi, transparansi, penegakan hukum, dan kemudahan berusaha, sehingga investor cenderung bersikap hati-hati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Namun, penjelasan ini tidak sepenuhnya memadai. Indonesia dan Brasil, misalnya, memiliki skor yang sebanding dalam Corruption Perceptions Index\u2014keduanya juga berada di bawah ambang 50. Meski demikian, kedua negara tersebut justru menerima aliran pendanaan hutan yang jauh lebih besar. Ini menunjukkan bahwa tata kelola bukan satu-satunya faktor penentu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jika bukan hanya soal tata kelola, lalu apa lagi yang menjelaskan ketimpangan ini?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efek rantai komoditas<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Rantai pasok komoditas global menjadi salah satu faktor kunci yang sering terlewat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Komoditas seperti minyak sawit, karet, kedelai, daging sapi, dan kayu menghubungkan hutan di Brasil dan Asia Tenggara dengan sistem keuangan global mulai dari perusahaan multinasional hingga investor. Keterkaitan ini menciptakan dua hal sekaligus: insentif untuk menjaga hutan dan tekanan reputasi untuk mengurangi deforestasi. Jaringan kepentingan global seperti ini belum berkembang di negara-negara Cekungan Kongo. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pengolahan kopi di fasilitas program kopi di Yangambi, Provinsi Tshopo, Republik Demokratik Kongo.
Foto oleh Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Pengolahan kopi di fasilitas program kopi di Yangambi, Provinsi Tshopo, Republik Demokratik Kongo.
Foto oleh Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Pembibitan pohon kelapa sawit di Yangambi, Provinsi Tshopo, Republik Demokratik Kongo. Foto oleh Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Contohnya terlihat pada 2013, ketika Wilmar International menerapkan kebijakan tanpa deforestasi. Kebijakan ini memicu efek domino di industri minyak sawit, yang dalam satu dekade berkontribusi pada penurunan deforestasi di Indonesia hingga sekitar 18 persen dari puncaknya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Didukung oleh perusahaan besar seperti Nestl\u00e9, PepsiCo, Procter & Gamble, dan Wilmar, Rimba Collective<\/a> menargetkan investasi konservasi hingga USD 1 miliar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Namun situasinya berbeda di Cekungan Kongo. Di kawasan ini, hanya sedikit perusahaan yang memiliki koneksi global dan kepentingan ekonomi yang luas. Deforestasi lebih banyak didorong oleh pertanian subsisten, produksi arang, dan aktivitas penebangan kayu, sehingga tekanan dari rantai pasok internasional maupun akuntabilitas korporasi relatif lemah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Improved kiln construction using trees from an acacia plantation in Yanonge, Tshopo Province, DRC. Photo by Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Green charcoal production from improved kiln using trees from an acacia plantation in Yanonge, Tshopo Province, DRC. Photo by Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kelemahan dalam desain REDD+<\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sebagian persoalan juga bersumber dari desain REDD+ itu sendiri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kerangka ini lebih menghargai upaya mengurangi deforestasi dibandingkan menjaga hutan yang sudah ada. Dampaknya, negara dengan riwayat deforestasi tinggi yang berhasil menekan laju kerusakan seperti Brasil dan Indonesia yang justru menerima insentif, sementara negara yang konsisten menjaga hutannya tetap utuh, seperti Gabon dan Republik Kongo, tidak mendapatkan manfaat yang sepadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pendekatan ini menciptakan paradoks: semakin besar kerusakan di masa lalu, semakin besar peluang untuk mendapatkan pendanaan di masa kini.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upaya untuk memperbaiki ketimpangan ini mulai terlihat melalui inisiatif seperti Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF)<\/a>, meski implementasinya masih belum optimal dan dukungan dananya terbatas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Baca juga<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Tidak selalu menguntungkan: REDD+ dan kesejahteraan rumah tangga<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kesenjangan pemantauan<\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tanpa sistem pengawasan, pelaporan dan verifikasi (MRV), penyerapan karbon tidak bisa dibuktikan dan yang tidak bisa dibuktikan, tidak akan dibayar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brasil memahami hal ini sejak lama, dengan sistem pemantauan satelit yang telah berjalan sejak 1988 melalui INPE dan didukung ribuan staf. Indonesia pun telah menunjukkan hasil serupa melalui sistem MRV nasional, dengan pengurangan emisi terverifikasi mencapai 577 juta ton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selama satu dekade, Papua Nugini (PNG) membangun National Forest Inventory yang menjadi kunci bagi negara tersebut untuk menerima pembayaran berbasis hasil REDD+ pertamanya sebesar USD 63,4 juta dari Green Climate Fund pada 2025. Menariknya, PNG memiliki peringkat tata kelola yang serupa dengan beberapa negara di Cekungan Kongo namun tetap mampu mengakses pendanaan iklim berbasis hasil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pengalaman ini menunjukkan satu hal penting: data dan infrastruktur ilmiah yang kuat, transparan, dan dapat diverifikasi adalah fondasi utama\u2014bukan sekadar pelengkap dalam mengakses pendanaan iklim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di Cekungan Kongo, sistem pemantauan nasional berskala besar masih terbatas, dengan pengecualian seperti Gabon. Sejauh ini, kawasan ini lebih banyak ditopang oleh dukungan riset internasional yang terus berkembang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Plot afrormosia dan pengamatan fenologi oleh teknisi INERA di Yangambi, Republik Demokratik Kongo. Foto oleh Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Selama lebih dari dua dekade, Komisi Eropa secara konsisten mendukung pengembangan Central African Forest Observatory (OFAC). Dikoordinasikan oleh CIFOR-ICRAF dan kini menjadi bagian dari COMIFAC, OFAC telah berkembang menjadi infrastruktur pengetahuan utama bagi kawasan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Melalui publikasi andalannya, State of the Forests of the Congo Basin\u2014yang telah terbit tujuh kali sejak 2005\u2014OFAC menghadirkan rujukan paling komprehensif tentang kondisi hutan di Afrika Tengah. Edisi 2021 saja melibatkan 152 penulis dalam 13 bab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Namun, sekuat apa pun dukungan riset dan pengetahuan, OFAC tidak dapat menggantikan kebutuhan akan sistem pemantauan nasional yang dimiliki dan dikelola sendiri oleh negara-negara di kawasan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

> <\/em>Baca Bagian 2 dari seri ini, yang mengulas tantangan kelembagaan yang lebih mendalam di Cekungan Kongo serta apa yang diperlukan untuk mengamankan masa depannya.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Baca juga<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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PART 2: The Congo Basin\u2019s future is at stake. Here\u2019s what must change<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ini adalah tulisan pertama dari dua seri opini yang menyoroti kesenjangan pendanaan hutan di Cekungan Kongo. Cekungan Kongo menyerap karbon dioksida enam kali lebih banyak daripada Amazon, namun hanya menerima sebagian kecil pendanaan global untuk pengelolaan dan konservasi hutan. 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