{"id":12233,"date":"2012-11-27T02:59:30","date_gmt":"2012-11-27T02:59:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=12233"},"modified":"2015-10-29T10:42:34","modified_gmt":"2015-10-29T03:42:34","slug":"menghitung-waktu-hutan-dunia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/12233\/menghitung-waktu-hutan-dunia","title":{"rendered":"Menghitung waktu hutan dunia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/fileadmin\/world-forest-c\/wfc-cifor.htm\" width=\"506px\" height=\"245px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"No\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Dalam <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/11333\/menentukan-deforestasi-dan-deforestasi-sebagai-penentu\/#.ULQ0fYb8lnU\">tulisan di blog sebelumnya<\/a>, saya membahas bagaimana daerah deforestasi tahunan global ditentukan dan faktanya bahwa jumlah ini digunakan sebagai indikator universal tentang kondisi hutan di dunia. Saya juga berjanji untuk kembali ke topik ini, dengan cara pengambaran baru tentang hutan dan kehutanan.  Bukan sekedar sebuah jam deforestasi, saat ini CIFOR memperkenalkan suatu Jam Hutan Dunia di <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">laman kami<\/a>, menghitung lima aliran kunci, tak sekedar angka tunggal. Dengan jam baru ini, kami menawarkan perspektif utuh terhadap hutan dan kehutanan untuk menstimulasi pemikiran dan dialog.<\/p>\n<p>Beberapa dekade lalu, sudah banyak pekerjaan dilakukan untuk mendefinisikan bagaimana hutan dan kehutanan seharusnya dipantau. Bagaimanapun, komunitas pakar telah melakukan sesuatu yang kemudian agak berjarak dari bentuk komunikasi arus utama dan popular terhadap hutan. Proses internasional untuk mendapatkan kriteria pengelolaan hutan lestari memunculkan, secara harfiah, ratusan indikator. Banyak di antara indicator itu sulit diterima atau bahkan dimengerti. Laporan-laporan nasional terhadap kondisi hutan juga melalui pendekatan yang sama dan menggambarkan peta yang komprehensif, tetapi tetap saja rumit dan tidak dapat diakses.  Laporan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/forestry\/fra\/fra2005\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">FRA 2005<\/a> dari FAO membukukan proses ini dan menggambarkan trend hutan dalam sekitar 20 variabel kunci dengan data tutupan yang cukup dapat diterima. Menyusul hasil Rio+20, kita sekarang memasuki proses politik baru untuk menentukan \u201ctujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan\u201d dan bersama itu muncul spekulasi tentang indikator mana yang seharusnya digunakan\u2014sebuah keputusan yang akan lebih ditentukan melalui negosiasi politik, dibandingkan dengan sains.<\/p>\n<p>Jadi indikasi hutan dan kehutanan apa yang seharusnya dikomunikasikan jika kita ingin memberikan gambaran yang pantas dan dapat dipahami? Jelas sekali, sejumlah kecil parameter diperlukan untuk berkomunikasi dengan baik terhadap audiens lebih besar. Sekelompok data rumit dari indikator perkembangan antar-pemerintah tidak dapat menjawab masalah ini. Di pihak lain, menggunakan deforestasi sebagai satu-satunya data terlalu menyederhanakan masalah dan memberikan gambaran yang tidak utuh. Di antara kedua titik ekstrem ini, kami telah membuat sebuah daftar sederhana untuk menghitung waktu hutan dan kehutanan dunia. Lima ukuran waktu, seperti deret lima buah jam di belakang meja resepsi hotel yang menampilkan lima zona waktu berbeda, untuk menggambarkan apa yang terjadi secara global mengenai hutan dan kehutanan kita.<\/p>\n<p>Perlu dicatat bahwa ini bukan sekumpulan indikator lengkap. Lima jam ini merupakan sekumpulan pengukuran dengan memanfaatkan data yang tersedia. Lima jam ini memberikan makanan bagi pikiran dan menggambarkan apa yang terjadi pada hutan dunia, dan bagaimana hutan dan kehutanan dapat berkontribusi untuk masa depan yang berkelanjutan. Juga perlu dicatat bahwa setiap jam dapat diartikan sebagai indikasi kemajuan positif atau negatif, tergantung dari sudut pandang pembangunan pengguna dan sudut pandang politik.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jam ke-1: Deforestasi<\/strong>. Deforestasi tetap menjadi parameter kunci dari daftar ini. Parameter ini sudah sangat dikenali dan mewarnai isu global yang sangat terkait dengan agenda politik. Jam ini mengantar kita pada pertanyaan soal penggunaan lahan dan manajemen tata ruang, serta imbal balik yang didapat dari pembukaan lahan pertanian baru. Deforestasi juga menjadi fokus dari proses REDD+. Saat ini, data terbaik yang dapat kita nyatakan bahwa deforestasi mencapai -13Mha\/tahun, dengan kata lain -0,4 ha\/detik. (Lihat <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/11246\/determining-deforestation-and-deforestation-as-the-determinant\/#.ULMju4b8lnV\">tulisan saya di blog sebelumnya<\/a> tentang \u2018Jam Deforestasi Dunia\u2019)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jam ke-2 : Penanaman Hutan.<\/strong> Hutan tanaman hanya dihitung 7% dari keseluruhan hutan tetapi jenis hutan ini adalah kunci dari keberlanjutan tata ruang wilayah dan keberlanjutan suplai produk berbasis-alam (termasuk serat dan energi), serta suplai pelayanan jasa ekosistem (termasuk perlindungan limpasan air). Ada perdebatan penting bagaimana hutan tanaman diterapkan dan diatur, termasuk pertanyaan mengenai monokultur tumbuhan eksotik di daerah tropis dan implikasinya bagi masyarakat lokal. Pada saat yang sama, sudah kita ketahui bahwa hutan tanaman menyuplai dua pertiga kebutuhan kayu industri, dan tampaknya proporsi ini akan terus meningkat. Investasi langsung juga telah terjadi dalam hutan tanaman, dengan daerah global meningkat sekitar 3,4 Mha\/tahun atau 0,11 hektar\/detik (lihat <a href=\"http:\/\/www.environmentportal.in\/files\/dec08-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Carle dan Holmgren 2008<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jam ke-3: Energi Terbarukan<\/strong>. Biomassa menjadi stok penting dari keseluruhan suplai energi kita, sekitar 10 persen dari total energy yang dikonsumsi, dan ini semua terbarukan (lihat laporan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldenergyoutlook.org\/publications\/weo-2010\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">World Energy Outlook 2010<\/a> dari IEA).  Proporsi terbesar dari biomassa ini datang dari hutan dan pohon, termasuk energi kayu tradisional (yang tetap esensial di seluruh wilayah dan miliaran orang), residu dan limbah industri hutan, dan biofuel generasi kedua. Kami menampilkan kecepatan rata-rata energi dari biomassa, sebagiannya disediakan dari wilayah yang lebih luas dan juga berasal dari bentuk limbah.  Suplai tenaga bioenergi mencapai sekitar 1,62 TW, setara dengan 452 MWh\/detik atau 5 kali dari gabungan seluruh potensi tenaga nuklir dunia.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jam ke-4: Serapan Karbon.<\/strong> Berbeda dengan gambaran jelas mengenai hilangnya daerah hutan, hutan dunia terus ditempatkan sebagai jaring penyerap karbon udara. IPCC telah melaporkan ini dalam <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/publications_and_data\/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#.UKLqFePZ8n8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">laporan penelitian ke-4<\/a>. Sebuah kertas kerja dari Pan et al. mengkonfirmasikan hal ini dan menyimpulkan bahwa rata-rata serapan karbon di hutan adalah 2,4 Pg C0<sub>2<\/sub> eq\/tahun, setara dengan 76 ton\/detik\u2014sebuah angka yang setara dengan 5% dari keseluruhan emisi antropogenik. Jika kita mendeduksi emisi akibat kehilangan hutan yang terjadi karena perubahan penggunaan lahan, gambaran ini menjadi kurang menggembirakan, tetapi, tetap saja keseluruhan stok karbon meningkat sekitar 1,1Pg CO<sub>2<\/sub> eq\/tahun.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jam ke-5: Nilai perdagangan produk hutan<\/strong>. Dunia dengan pertumbuhan hijau mendorong pemanfaatan positif dari produk hutan berkelanjutan. Salah satu ukuran dari pentingnya produk hutan dapat dilihat dari statistik perdagangan tahunan FAO (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/015\/i2715m\/i2715m00.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">edisi 2010<\/a>). Walaupun statistik ini hanya memasukkan produk kayu, dan tidak menunjukkan peningkatan nilai perdagangan dari produk hutan non-kayu, laporan ini masih yang terbaik yang dipublikasikan. Rata-rata perdagangan produk hutan sekitar 230 miliar USD\/tahun, atau sekitar 7.239 USD\/detik. Angka ini memang kecil tetapi memiliki proporsi yang signifikan (sekitar 2%) dari perdagangan barang dunia, dan sekitar 10% dari total perdagangan produk pertanian dan makanan dalam <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wto.org\/statistics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">beberapa laporan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Saya berharap ada perdebatan atas Jam Hutan Dunia ini, termasuk pemilihan parameter-parameter. Jika ada alat ukur yang dapat dihandalkan, saya akan mempertimbangkan untuk menambah jam kontribusi hutan terhadap ekonomi pedesaan, kehilangan spesies dependen terhadap hutan, dan mungkin regulasi iklim lokal (suhu, penyediaan air, curah hujan generasi). Tetapi secara mengejutkan kami sepakat dengan pengukuran hal-hal di atas\u2014mungkin ini dapat menjadi rangsangan untuk riset masa depan?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Referensi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Carle, J. and P. Holmgren. 2008. Wood from planted forests: a global outlook 2005-2030. Forest Products Journal 58(12) 6-18. http:\/\/www.environmentportal.in\/files\/dec08-f.pdf.<\/p>\n<p>FAO.2006. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 Main report. ftp:\/\/ftp.fao.org\/docrep\/fao\/008\/A0400E\/A0400E00.pdf<\/p>\n<p>FAO. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Main report.  http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/013\/i1757e\/i1757e.pdf<\/p>\n<p>FAO. 2011. Global forest land-use change from 1990 to 2005. http:\/\/foris.fao.org\/static\/data\/fra2010\/RSS_Summary_Report_lowres.pdf<\/p>\n<p>FAO. 2012. Forest products 2006-2010. FAO Statistics Series 201. http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/015\/i2715m\/i2715m00.pdf<\/p>\n<p>IEA. 2010. World Energy Outlook 2010.  International Energy Agency. http:\/\/www.worldenergyoutlook.org\/publications\/weo-2010\/<\/p>\n<p>IPCC. 2007. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Cambridge University Press. http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/publications_and_data\/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#.UKLqFePZ8n8<\/p>\n<p>Pan, Y. et al. 2011.A large and persistent carbon sink in the world\u2019s forests. <em>Science<\/em> 333(6045): 988-993.<\/p>\n<p>WTO. 2012. International Trade Statistics 2011. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wto.org\/statistics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">www.wto.org\/statistics<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dalam tulisan di blog sebelumnya, saya membahas bagaimana daerah deforestasi tahunan global ditentukan dan faktanya bahwa jumlah ini digunakan sebagai indikator universal tentang kondisi hutan di dunia. Saya juga berjanji untuk kembali ke topik ini, dengan cara pengambaran baru tentang hutan dan kehutanan. Bukan sekedar sebuah jam deforestasi, saat ini CIFOR memperkenalkan suatu Jam Hutan [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":36962,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,180,186],"tags":[],"language":[2171],"location":[12215],"tag-bahasa":[3268,2522,2541,2604,2502,2672,2819,2472,2822],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[2967],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[680],"class_list":["post-12233","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-mitigating-climate-change","category-production-forests","language-bahasa-indonesia","location-global","tag-bahasa-aforestasi","tag-bahasa-deforestasi","tag-bahasa-energi","tag-bahasa-mitigasi","tag-bahasa-penyerapan-karbon","tag-bahasa-perdagangan-kayu","tag-bahasa-redd","tag-bahasa-rio20","tag-bahasa-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan","type-bahasa-kolom-dirjen"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Menghitung waktu hutan dunia - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/12233\/menghitung-waktu-hutan-dunia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Menghitung waktu hutan dunia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dalam tulisan di blog sebelumnya, saya membahas bagaimana daerah deforestasi tahunan global ditentukan dan faktanya bahwa jumlah ini digunakan sebagai indikator universal tentang kondisi hutan di dunia. Saya juga berjanji untuk kembali ke topik ini, dengan cara pengambaran baru tentang hutan dan kehutanan. Bukan sekedar sebuah jam deforestasi, saat ini CIFOR memperkenalkan suatu Jam Hutan [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/12233\/menghitung-waktu-hutan-dunia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-11-27T02:59:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-10-29T03:42:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/WF-clock.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"778\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"285\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Peter Holmgren\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/12233\\\/menghitung-waktu-hutan-dunia#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/12233\\\/menghitung-waktu-hutan-dunia\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Peter Holmgren\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4c6a8d0ab7b85160a0d57a15381a8122\"},\"headline\":\"Menghitung waktu hutan dunia\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-11-27T02:59:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-10-29T03:42:34+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/12233\\\/menghitung-waktu-hutan-dunia\"},\"wordCount\":1119,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/id\\\/12233\\\/menghitung-waktu-hutan-dunia#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2012\\\/11\\\/WF-clock.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change &amp; 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