{"id":11930,"date":"2012-11-19T07:23:47","date_gmt":"2012-11-19T00:23:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=11930"},"modified":"2015-10-29T10:34:22","modified_gmt":"2015-10-29T03:34:22","slug":"hutan-atau-pertanian-timbal-balik-yang-belum-tentu-berlaku-bagi-semua-atau-tidak-sama-sekali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/id\/11930\/hutan-atau-pertanian-timbal-balik-yang-belum-tentu-berlaku-bagi-semua-atau-tidak-sama-sekali","title":{"rendered":"Hutan atau pertanian: timbal balik yang belum tentu berlaku \u201c bagi semua atau tidak sama sekali\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indonesia (16 Oktober, 2012)_ Membuat keputusan tegas tentang bagaimana menurunkan laju emisi karbon dari hutan dan pertanian membutuhkan banyak pengetahuan solid tentang potensi transaksi yang tujuannya memberikan manfaat baik untuk pembangunan dan konservasi: apa yang diatur untuk menang melalui cara menghindari deforestasi atau pengurangan emisi haruslah ditakar sesuai dengan kemungkinan kerugian pendapatan dari pertanian saat pertama kali strategi pertanian terbaik akan dikorbankan.<\/p>\n

Strategi mitigasi perubahan iklim dalam konservasi hutan biasanya melibatkan pembukaan kawasan tempat pepohonan biasanya dilindungi. Kegiatan-kegiatan di kawasan itu, misalnya perluasan pertanian atau penebangan hutan, adalah kegiatan yang paling dibatasi atau dilarang, agar pohon-pohon yang tersisa dapat tetap tegak berdiri.<\/p>\n

Memastikan keberadaan pepohonan di dalam suatu bentang alam jelas merupakan perubahan siasat ketika penentuan biaya dan manfaat dari berbagai macam strategi tata guna lahan guna mengurangi emisi dan mitigasi perubahan iklim. Dalam hitungan per satu hektar, melindungi hutan Amazonia yang terancam dapat menyumbangkan manfaat mitigasi yang luar biasa, menurut studi terbaru dari CIFOR<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Namun, hal ini bukan berarti pertanian tidak memiliki potensi mitigasi.<\/p>\n

Pilihan-pilihan alternatif teknologi rendah biaya untuk pertanian konvensional dan peternakan besar tersedia di Amazon. Misalnya, tipe no-till farming,<\/em> suatu cara pengembangan pertanian yang secara mekanis tidak merubah tanah saat ini sedang tersebar luas sebagai alternatif dari pertanian tradisional.<\/p>\n

Sistem pertanian no-till farming adalah metode pilihan lain yang sedang berkembang saat ini, menggantikan cara bertani konvensional. No-till farming<\/em> dapat membantu menjaga kesuburan tanah dan mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dari proses biologi di tanah pertanian.<\/p>\n

Namun, sementara mencegah deforestasi dan melestarikan hutan secara substansi dapat mengurangi emisi, manfaat tersebut harus dibandingkan dengan kemungkinan kerugian ekonomi mengorbankan pendapatan dari hasil pertanian. Karenanya, menemukan strategi manfaat timbal balik yang menguntungkan baik bagi usaha pelestarian hutan maupun perkembangan lahan pertanian adalah instrument penting guna menyakinkan cara terbaik menggunakan sumber daya [alam] yang langka.<\/p>\n

Namun, penyesuaian teknologi baru seringkali membutuhkan sejumlah ketrampilan baru, dan peningkatan akses kepada perkreditan atau pasar, serta kemungkinan resiko kerugian bagi petani. Karenanya, banyak petani-petani kecil di Amazon tidak tertarik, dan [hal ini] menjelaskan mengapa mereka masih enggan menggunakan teknik-teknik tersebut, meskipun hasil riset menyarankan tentang manfaat, secara rata-rata, akan meningkat.<\/p>\n

Pilihan-pilihan fitur ideal untuk mitigasi perubahan iklim<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ada beberapa kriteria yang kami pertimbangkan ketika mendalami pencarian dari berbagai pilihan mitigasi perubahan iklim. Pertama, potensi menurunkan emisi harus tinggi. Kedua, risiko kegagalan ekonomi bagi pengguna lahan sebaiknya berada di tingkat minimum. Ketiga, pelaksanaan opsi harus murah. Dan pada akhirnya, setiap dampak negatif harus bisa diatasi.<\/p>\n

Dalam kenyataannya, tak satupun opsi mitigasi perubahan iklim dapat memberikan nilai tinggi dari keempat kriteria tersebut. Suatu kompromi, yang harus dibuat dengan memperhitungkan pro dan kontra baik dari sisi hutan dan pertanian guna mencapai suatu kesepakatan pengurangan emisi dari penggunaan lahan, perubahan akibat tata guna lahan, alih guna lahan dan kehutanan (land use, land-use change, and forestry – LULUCF<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Hal ini hanya dapat dicapai bila strategi mitigasi tata guna lahan diperhitungkan ke dalam berbagai konteks lokal lingkungan, sosial, dan politik. Studi berikut<\/a> menunjukkan bagaimana berbagai faktor tersebut dapat menghambat upaya mitigasi konservasi hutan dan pertanian, sekurang-kurangnya , mengurangi jenis manfaat yang dapat dicapai.<\/p>\n

Contohnya, sementara strategi-strategi mitigasi berbasis kehutanan lebih mudah diimplementasikan daripada mendorong para petani melakukan penyesuaian praktik pertanian baru, dalam konteks tata pemerintahan lemah dan menimbulkan konflik lahan akibat tidak jelasnya hak tanah dapat mengurangi efektifitas konservasi hutan dalam mengurangi emisi karbon. Dalam hal ini, reformasi pertanian bisa jadi lebih menarik.<\/p>\n

Saat memilih antara konservasi hutan dan pertanian, biaya tak tampak terkait dengan konservasi hutan harus dibandingkan dengan tingginya potensi biaya operasional dan biaya transaksi untuk mempromosikan perubahan pertanian melalui program perpanjangan dan investasi infrastruktur, yang kerap menghasilkan sedikit manfaat mitigasi per unit lahan.<\/p>\n

Terlebih, mempromosikan perubahan pertanian menanggung resiko yang tidak diinginkan \u201cefek meluap\u201d untuk tanaman maupun perluasaan ladang pengembalaan ke dalam kawasan hutan, sehingga dapat menetralkan potensi manfaat mitigasi dari mengadopsi teknologi tersebut.<\/p>\n

Riset CIFOR dan institusi lainnya tentang deforestasi, REDD, dan teknologi pertanian telah menunjukkan bahwa efek samping tersebut sangat mungkin terjadi, dan karenanya, paling tidak harus diperhitungkan. Upaya cakupan kami menegaskan potensi mitigasi utama berasal dari pohon dan, serta menyarankan agar menyelaraskan strategi-paralel bagi keberadaan hutan-hutan di garis terdepan perbatasan dan wilayah-wilayah pertanian yang telah ditetapkan.<\/p>\n

Publikasi terbaru ini adalah bagian dari program riset CGIAR tentang Hutan, Kayu, dan Wanatani.<\/a><\/p>\n

Dengan laporan tambahan dari Fawziah Selamat.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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