{"id":85777,"date":"2023-12-19T23:22:31","date_gmt":"2023-12-19T16:22:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=85777"},"modified":"2025-09-08T11:05:43","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T04:05:43","slug":"des-credits-carbone-rapportes-de-la-conservation-des-forets-surestiment-limpact-des-projets-redd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/85777\/des-credits-carbone-rapportes-de-la-conservation-des-forets-surestiment-limpact-des-projets-redd","title":{"rendered":"Des cr\u00e9dits carbone rapport\u00e9s de la conservation des for\u00eats surestiment l\u2019impact des projets REDD+"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nombreux sont ceux qui ont vu dans les cr\u00e9dits carbone li\u00e9s \u00e0 la conservation des for\u00eats un outil<\/a> prometteur d\u2019att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique, favorisant la r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre dans les pays du Sud. Ils proposent un m\u00e9canisme de compensation, ou cr\u00e9dits compensatoires, de l\u2019empreinte carbone des entreprises et des particuliers.<\/p>\n

Des cr\u00e9dits carbone de soi-disant projets REDD+<\/a> (r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions li\u00e9es \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation et \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation foresti\u00e8re) sont \u00e9mis en fonction de la diff\u00e9rence observ\u00e9e du couvert forestier entre des sites o\u00f9 sont men\u00e9s des projets et un sc\u00e9nario de d\u00e9forestation \u00ab de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00bb sans REDD+. Cette diff\u00e9rence, vis\u00e9e par l\u2019article 6 de l’accord de Paris, est connue sous le terme d\u2019\u00abadditionnalit\u00e9 \u00bb.<\/p>\n

L\u2019achat volontaire de cr\u00e9dits de REDD+ a pour objectif la conservation des for\u00eats entre autres, l\u2019am\u00e9lioration du suivi et de la mise en \u0153uvre, la promotion de pratiques durables, la mobilisation des parties prenantes locales. De r\u00e9centes \u00e9tudes<\/a> scientifiques amplifi\u00e9es dans les m\u00e9dias<\/a> ont cependant sem\u00e9 le doute sur l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de ces projets, en particulier sur les r\u00e9ductions d\u2019\u00e9missions \u00ab additionnelles \u00bb qu\u2019ils ont d\u00e9clench\u00e9es, par rapport \u00e0 une situation sans projet.<\/p>\n

Dans un article<\/a> r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9 par la revue Science, mes coll\u00e8gues et moi avons eu l\u2019occasion d\u2019examiner pour la premi\u00e8re fois ces impacts de conservation des for\u00eats sur un \u00e9chantillon pantropical. Nous avons pass\u00e9 en revue les effets de 26 projets REDD+ men\u00e9s dans six pays : P\u00e9rou, Colombie, R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo, Tanzanie, Zambie et Cambodge. Tous ces projets ont produit des cr\u00e9dits sur les march\u00e9s volontaires du carbone, certifi\u00e9s par l\u2019entit\u00e9 priv\u00e9e Verra install\u00e9e aux USA.<\/p>\n

Nous avons constat\u00e9 que la plupart des projets de notre \u00e9chantillon n\u2019ont pas abouti \u00e0 une r\u00e9duction significative de la d\u00e9forestation. Et pour ceux qui sont parvenus \u00e0 une baisse, cette derni\u00e8re s’av\u00e9rait sensiblement plus faible que ce que repr\u00e9sentaient les cr\u00e9dits carbone forestier g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Au lieu de nous int\u00e9resser aux pr\u00e9visions d\u2019additionnalit\u00e9 en d\u00e9but de projet, nos \u00e9valuations d\u2019impact ont port\u00e9 sur la performance de projets pass\u00e9s. Nous nous sommes concentr\u00e9s sur les zones de coupe foresti\u00e8re observ\u00e9es et nous les avons compar\u00e9es \u00e0 des zones de \u00ab contr\u00f4le \u00bb pr\u00e9s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es pr\u00e9sentant des caract\u00e9ristiques similaires, \u00e0 l\u2019exception des interventions REDD+. Ces zones de contr\u00f4le et les zones d\u2019interventions REDD+ font l\u2019objet d\u2019un suivi simultan\u00e9. Si l\u2019on compare les performances de conservation, la diff\u00e9rence tendancielle entre les zones de projets et les zones de contr\u00f4le peut alors \u00eatre attribu\u00e9e aux actions REDD+.<\/p>\n

D’apr\u00e8s nos estimations, seulement 5,4 millions (6,1 pour cent) des 89 millions de cr\u00e9dits carbone attendus sur les projets REDD+ de l\u2019\u00e9tude pourraient \u00eatre associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des r\u00e9ductions additionnelles d\u2019\u00e9missions de carbone.<\/p>\n

Pourtant, un grand nombre de ces cr\u00e9dits ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s par des acqu\u00e9reurs cherchant \u00e0 compenser leurs \u00e9missions.<\/p>\n

Notre \u00e9tude r\u00e9v\u00e8le que l\u2019\u00e9cart entre les cr\u00e9dits carbone r\u00e9clam\u00e9s et l\u2019impact confirm\u00e9 s\u2019explique principalement par les pr\u00e9visions exag\u00e9r\u00e9es des \u00e9missions \u00e9vit\u00e9es, \u00e9tablies \u00e0 partir des sc\u00e9narios de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de \u00ab maintien du statu quo \u00bb<\/a> adopt\u00e9s par ces projets. Ces pr\u00e9visions sont extrapol\u00e9es \u00e0 partir d\u2019historiques de tendances de d\u00e9forestation locale, qui permettent typiquement une grande latitude de choix entre des bases de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence sensiblement diff\u00e9rentes. Ces r\u00e9f\u00e9rences initiales \u00ab \u00e9lastiques \u00bb se gonflent facilement \u00ab d\u2019air chaud \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire que les cr\u00e9dits carbone ne reposent sur rien. De plus, les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences peuvent devenir irr\u00e9alistes dans le temps quand les conditions \u00e9conomiques ou politiques changent drastiquement, parce qu’il n\u2019est pas ais\u00e9 de pr\u00e9dire le futur.<\/p>\n

Par ailleurs, de nombreux projets REDD+ ont \u00e9t\u00e9 install\u00e9s d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part dans des zones foresti\u00e8res peu susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre touch\u00e9es par le d\u00e9boisement, car \u00e9loign\u00e9es des routes, des march\u00e9s, des populations et des menaces r\u00e9elles de d\u00e9forestation. Ces zones \u00e0 faible risque constituent une aubaine pour la conservation de la for\u00eat. Mais lorsque nous avons compar\u00e9 la conservation de la for\u00eat avec des zones de contr\u00f4le similaires, les diff\u00e9rences observ\u00e9es se r\u00e9v\u00e9laient n\u00e9gligeables : l\u2019effort de protection pr\u00e9tendu ne pouvait \u00eatre justifi\u00e9 par une plus grande performance.<\/p>\n

Comment est-on pass\u00e9 \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 d\u2019une telle faille ? Les r\u00e9gimes de certification<\/a> sont suppos\u00e9s garantir l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des compensations. Cependant, nos travaux montrent que les m\u00e9thodologies actuellement approuv\u00e9es sont trop vari\u00e9es et g\u00e9n\u00e9rales pour garantir la totalit\u00e9 des r\u00e9ductions r\u00e9elles d\u2019\u00e9missions.<\/p>\n

Notre conclusion est que, plut\u00f4t que de jeter le b\u00e9b\u00e9 REDD+ avec l\u2019eau du bain, il est crucial de d\u00e9velopper de nouvelles m\u00e9thodes plus rigoureuses pour l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de bases de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence cr\u00e9dibles destin\u00e9es aux interventions volontaires REDD+, et d\u2019\u00e9valuer r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement et comme il se doit leur contribution \u00e0 l\u2019att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique. J\u2019ai personnellement quelques id\u00e9es sur la question.<\/p>\n

Une possibilit\u00e9 serait de faire appel \u00e0 des institutions ind\u00e9pendantes pour l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de bases de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (par exemple, la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur le Changement Climatique) qui int\u00e9greraient les meilleures connaissances scientifiques disponibles. Deuxi\u00e8mement, les futurs acqu\u00e9reurs de cr\u00e9dits carbone pourraient privil\u00e9gier des cr\u00e9dits adoss\u00e9s \u00e0 des r\u00e9ductions observ\u00e9es a posteriori, plut\u00f4t qu\u2019\u00e0 une simple additionnalit\u00e9 pr\u00e9alable esp\u00e9r\u00e9e. Cela pourrait n\u00e9cessiter la cr\u00e9ation de projets ou de banques sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es dans les transactions de cr\u00e9dit carbone \u00e0 plus grande \u00e9chelle pour \u00ab amortir \u00bb non seulement les risques naturels (comme les incendies de for\u00eat), mais aussi les menaces plus complexes li\u00e9es \u00e0 l’additionnalit\u00e9 du projet.<\/p>\n

Il faut peut-\u00eatre radicalement repenser les march\u00e9s volontaires du carbone pour qu\u2019ils inspirent plus de confiance, \u00e0 l\u2019heure o\u00f9 les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s des pays du Nord se montrent de plus en plus sceptiques sur la question des cr\u00e9dits compensatoires. Nos travaux scientifiques t\u00e9moignent que ce scepticisme populaire n\u2019est peut-\u00eatre pas infond\u00e9.<\/p>\n

……………………………………………………………….<\/p>\n

*Sven Wunder<\/em><\/a> est expert scientifique principal de l\u2019Institut forestier europ\u00e9en et scientifique rattach\u00e9 au CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/em><\/p>\n

**L\u2019\u00e9tude cit\u00e9e a b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 du soutien de l\u2019Initiative internationale norv\u00e9gienne sur le climat et les for\u00eats (NICFI), du Meridian Institute, de l\u2019\u00c9tude comparative mondiale sur la REDD+ du CIFOR-ICRAF et du projet NewGo de l\u2019Institut forestier europ\u00e9en financ\u00e9 par le BMEL<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nombreux sont ceux qui ont vu dans les cr\u00e9dits carbone li\u00e9s \u00e0 la conservation des for\u00eats un outil prometteur d\u2019att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique, favorisant la r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre dans les pays du Sud. Ils proposent un m\u00e9canisme de compensation, ou cr\u00e9dits compensatoires, de l\u2019empreinte carbone des entreprises et des […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":46,"featured_media":85778,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12040,12056],"tags":[4811,371,123],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[7528,3080,3199,3196],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[242],"class_list":["post-85777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-changement-climatique-et-energetique","category-paysages","tag-climate-change","tag-deforestation","tag-redd","language-francais","tag-francais-changement-climatique","tag-francais-deforestation","tag-francais-marches-du-carbone","tag-francais-redd"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDes cr\u00e9dits carbone rapport\u00e9s de la conservation des for\u00eats surestiment l\u2019impact des projets REDD+ - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/85777\/des-credits-carbone-rapportes-de-la-conservation-des-forets-surestiment-limpact-des-projets-redd\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Des cr\u00e9dits carbone rapport\u00e9s de la conservation des for\u00eats surestiment l\u2019impact des projets REDD+\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nombreux sont ceux qui ont vu dans les cr\u00e9dits carbone li\u00e9s \u00e0 la conservation des for\u00eats un outil prometteur d\u2019att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique, favorisant la r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre dans les pays du Sud. 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