{"id":84676,"date":"2023-10-25T21:02:18","date_gmt":"2023-10-25T14:02:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=84676"},"modified":"2023-11-01T17:51:19","modified_gmt":"2023-11-01T10:51:19","slug":"la-reconnaissance-des-droits-des-peuples-autochtones-est-un-travail-en-cours-en-afrique-centrale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/84676\/la-reconnaissance-des-droits-des-peuples-autochtones-est-un-travail-en-cours-en-afrique-centrale","title":{"rendered":"La reconnaissance des droits des peuples autochtones est un \u00ab\u00a0travail en cours\u00a0\u00bb en Afrique centrale"},"content":{"rendered":"

La reconnaissance l\u00e9gale des droits des communaut\u00e9s locales et des peuples autochtones – y compris ceux des \u00e9leveurs nomades et des chasseurs-cueilleurs – qui sont tr\u00e8s vuln\u00e9rables et extr\u00eamement marginalis\u00e9s, reste \u00ab un travail en cours \u00bb en Afrique centrale, ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 les auteurs d’un nouveau rapport sur l’\u00e9tat des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo<\/a>. Cependant, ils ont \u00e9galement reconnu que de nombreux d\u00e9cideurs politiques et gestionnaires forestiers de la r\u00e9gion accordent de plus en plus de priorit\u00e9 aux discussions sur les droits, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’un statut sp\u00e9cifique pour prot\u00e9ger les peuples autochtones contre les menaces pesant sur leurs cultures, leurs modes de vie et leurs territoires.<\/p>\n

Selon le dernier chapitre du rapport<\/a>, produit par l’Observatoire des for\u00eats d’Afrique centrale<\/a> (OFAC), les pays membres de la Commission des for\u00eats d’Afrique centrale (COMIFAC<\/a>) ont int\u00e9gr\u00e9 les parties prenantes locales dans les processus de gestion foresti\u00e8re, alignant ainsi leurs politiques sous-r\u00e9gionales et nationales sur les normes et standards internationaux. Dans le Plan de Convergence<\/a> de la COMIFAC, l’am\u00e9lioration de la participation de toutes les parties prenantes – en particulier des populations vuln\u00e9rables – \u00e0 la gestion foresti\u00e8re a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9rig\u00e9e en priorit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique.<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont identifi\u00e9 plusieurs groupes autochtones dans la r\u00e9gion, notamment les Batwa au Burundi ; les Bakola\/Bagyeli, Baka, Bedzan et Mbororo au Cameroun ; les Baka au Gabon ; les Baaka\/Aka, Bayaka\/Biaka et Mbororo en R\u00e9publique centrafricaine (RCA) ; les Yaka au Congo ; les Batwa, Bacwa et Bambuti en R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC) ; et les Batwa au Rwanda.<\/p>\n

Dans la plupart des pays de la sous-r\u00e9gion, cependant, ils ont constat\u00e9 que la l\u00e9gislation nationale est relativement rigide en ce qui concerne la reconnaissance de l’identit\u00e9 autochtone. La l\u00e9gislation foresti\u00e8re du Cameroun ne d\u00e9finit ni ne distingue clairement les peuples autochtones des communaut\u00e9s locales. La l\u00e9gislation du Rwanda s’appuie sur le concept de \u00ab groupes historiquement marginalis\u00e9s \u00bb, tandis que les lois du Congo rejettent explicitement l’ant\u00e9riorit\u00e9 (le fait d’\u00eatre le premier peuple \u00e0 s’installer quelque part) comme une caract\u00e9ristique pour identifier des peuples autochtones. Les chercheurs ont \u00e9galement soulign\u00e9 des d\u00e9fis dans l’identification des communaut\u00e9s locales.<\/p>\n

Cependant, malgr\u00e9 le manque de lois consacr\u00e9es aux droits des peuples autochtones dans les for\u00eats de production et de conservation, les gouvernements des \u00c9tats d’Afrique centrale semblent relativement d\u00e9sireux de mettre en \u0153uvre les engagements pris avec les partenaires financiers internationaux sur ces questions. Ils ont adh\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs cadres internationaux pr\u00e9voyant la protection des peuples autochtones et des communaut\u00e9s locales, notamment la Convention sur la diversit\u00e9 biologique<\/a>, la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples<\/a>, le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques<\/a> et la D\u00e9claration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones<\/a>, adopt\u00e9e par tous les pays africains. Cependant, aucun \u00c9tat membre de la COMIFAC, \u00e0 l’exception de la R\u00e9publique centrafricaine (RCA), n’a ratifi\u00e9 la Convention (n\u00b0 169) de l’Organisation internationale du Travail<\/a> (OIT) sur les peuples indig\u00e8nes et tribaux, car elle comporte une clause d’autod\u00e9termination politiquement divisive sur le plan int\u00e9rieur.<\/p>\n

Dans la gestion des for\u00eats d’Afrique centrale, les principales parties prenantes ont pris conscience de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de r\u00e9aliser les aspirations des communaut\u00e9s locales et des peuples autochtones et ont donc mis en place des m\u00e9canismes de redistribution des revenus des activit\u00e9s foresti\u00e8res. L’exploitation foresti\u00e8re, qui contribue au PIB de la r\u00e9gion presque autant que le secteur p\u00e9trolier, a \u00e9t\u00e9 une source majeure d’emploi r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9 pour les habitants des zones rurales bordant les concessions foresti\u00e8res. Outre l’exploitation formelle du bois, l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re artisanale, qui conna\u00eet une croissance r\u00e9cente, est \u00e9galement une source importante de moyens de subsistance, cr\u00e9ant environ 40 000 emplois au Cameroun, 3 000 dans la province orientale en RDC et 2 000 au Congo.<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont \u00e9galement examin\u00e9 deux m\u00e9canismes de financement innovants – les redevances de licences foresti\u00e8res et les fonds de d\u00e9veloppement locaux – pour redistribuer une partie des revenus issus de l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re industrielle et les r\u00e9investir dans la communaut\u00e9. Institu\u00e9s pour la premi\u00e8re fois dans les ann\u00e9es 1990 par le secteur priv\u00e9 puis adopt\u00e9s par le Gabon, la RDC et le Congo, ces fonds de d\u00e9veloppement locaux consistent \u00e0 partager les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des op\u00e9rations foresti\u00e8res avec les communaut\u00e9s dont les fronti\u00e8res se trouvent, au moins en partie, dans la zone de concession. L’argent provenant de ces m\u00e9canismes, qui peut \u00eatre substantiel, contribue \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la pauvret\u00e9 rurale et \u00e0 stimuler le d\u00e9veloppement des infrastructures.<\/p>\n

Samuel Assembe-Mvondo de l’Institut de recherche pour l’humanit\u00e9 et la nature<\/a> – un contributeur du rapport – a soulign\u00e9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’am\u00e9liorer les donn\u00e9es et les connaissances sur les impacts socio-\u00e9conomiques et environnementaux des dispositions l\u00e9gales sur les aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es en Afrique centrale, car l’inclusion des peuples autochtones dans les politiques foresti\u00e8res et de conservation ne peut plus \u00eatre n\u00e9glig\u00e9e. \u00ab Les instruments juridiques ont, entre autres choses, \u00e9tabli la participation, la prise en compte des droits d’utilisation, le partage des avantages et le consentement libre, pr\u00e9alable et \u00e9clair\u00e9 comme des exigences fondamentales pour la gestion responsable des ressources naturelles \u00bb, a-t-il d\u00e9clar\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La reconnaissance l\u00e9gale des droits des communaut\u00e9s locales et des peuples autochtones – y compris ceux des \u00e9leveurs nomades et des chasseurs-cueilleurs – qui sont tr\u00e8s vuln\u00e9rables et extr\u00eamement marginalis\u00e9s, reste \u00ab un travail en cours \u00bb en Afrique centrale, ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 les auteurs d’un nouveau rapport sur l’\u00e9tat des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":84431,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,6090,95],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12246,12226,12258],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[11393,11392],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[11146],"class_list":["post-84676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-forests-news","category-human-wellbeing","language-francais","location-africa","location-cameroon","location-democratic-republic-of-congo","tag-francais-gestion-communautaire-des-forets","tag-francais-peuples-autochtones"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa reconnaissance des droits des peuples autochtones est un "travail en cours" en Afrique centrale - 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