{"id":82901,"date":"2023-05-26T10:49:07","date_gmt":"2023-05-26T03:49:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=82901"},"modified":"2023-05-26T18:53:17","modified_gmt":"2023-05-26T11:53:17","slug":"la-difficulte-dacces-aux-tourbieres-de-la-cuvette-centrale-du-congo-les-protege-de-la-degradation-mais-complique-le-recueil-de-donnees","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/82901\/la-difficulte-dacces-aux-tourbieres-de-la-cuvette-centrale-du-congo-les-protege-de-la-degradation-mais-complique-le-recueil-de-donnees","title":{"rendered":"Collecte de donn\u00e9es sur les tourbi\u00e8res dans les zones recul\u00e9es du Congo Central"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les donn\u00e9es de terrain sont essentielles pour comprendre la gen\u00e8se, la formation, le fonctionnement et l\u2019\u00e9tendue des tourbi\u00e8res du Centre du Congo, aussi appel\u00e9 cuvette centrale. D\u2019apr\u00e8s de r\u00e9centes recherches, la difficult\u00e9 d\u2019acc\u00e8s de ces tourbi\u00e8res, qui p\u00e8se sur les co\u00fbts et rallonge les d\u00e9lais, est le principal facteur qui complique la collecte des donn\u00e9es. En revanche, cet isolement permet \u00e9galement de prot\u00e9ger la r\u00e9gion de la d\u00e9gradation.<\/p>\n

Dans le chapitre 9<\/a> du rapport sur l\u2019\u00c9tat des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo<\/a> r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9 par l\u2019Observatoire des For\u00eats d\u2019Afrique Centrale (OFAC<\/a>), les experts affirment qu\u2019il est indispensable de compl\u00e9ter les images satellite par des donn\u00e9es et des observations de terrain pour le calibrage et la validation des cartes des tourbi\u00e8res afin de r\u00e9duire les incertitudes. Ces images fournissent aussi des informations suppl\u00e9mentaires concernant les types de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation, le volume de carbone stock\u00e9 dans la tourbe, la biodiversit\u00e9, la pr\u00e9sence de communaut\u00e9s locales dans ces zones et l\u2019exploitation qu\u2019elles en font.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 propos de la cuvette centrale<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avec une superficie estim\u00e9e de 145 500 km2<\/sup>, les tourbi\u00e8res du Centre du Congo se trouvent \u00e0 cheval sur le Congo et la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo, ce qui en fait le plus vaste complexe mondial de tourbi\u00e8res tropicales presque contigu\u00ebs. Rest\u00e9e relativement intacte \u00e0 ce jour, la vaste cuvette centrale renferme environ 30 gigatonnes de carbone, soit l\u2019\u00e9quivalent de 15 ans d\u2019\u00e9missions de carbone par l\u2019\u00e9conomie am\u00e9ricaine. Sur le terrain, des mesures de la profondeur et de la densit\u00e9 de la tourbe, comme de la concentration en carbone ont montr\u00e9 que le volume de carbone stock\u00e9 dans la tourbe est nettement sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation qui recouvre les tourbi\u00e8res puisqu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une quantit\u00e9 \u00e9quivalente au stock de carbone de la biomasse a\u00e9rienne des for\u00eats tropicales de l\u2019ensemble du bassin du Congo. \u00ab Si la totalit\u00e9 du carbone stock\u00e9 dans les tourbi\u00e8res de la cuvette centrale \u00e9tait rejet\u00e9e dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, cela repr\u00e9senterait un volume \u00e9quivalent \u00e0 trois ans d\u2019\u00e9missions mondiales de carbone provenant de l\u2019ensemble des combustibles fossiles \u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Jean Jacques Bambuta, coordinateur de l\u2019unit\u00e9 de gestion des tourbi\u00e8res au minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Environnement et du D\u00e9veloppement durable de RDC, qui a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9daction du rapport.<\/p>\n

Cette r\u00e9gion pr\u00e9sente \u00e9galement une abondante biodiversit\u00e9, unique en son genre. La plus forte densit\u00e9 mondiale de gorilles des plaines de l\u2019Ouest s\u2019observe dans les tourbi\u00e8res de la cuvette centrale, mais cet \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me accueille aussi d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces : chimpanz\u00e9s, \u00e9l\u00e9phants de for\u00eat d\u2019Afrique, bonobos end\u00e9miques et cercopith\u00e8ques de Allen, ces derniers vivant uniquement dans les for\u00eats mar\u00e9cageuses et inond\u00e9es. Les tourbi\u00e8res sont \u00e9galement riches en esp\u00e8ces aquatiques : crabes, mollusques d\u2019eau douce, crocodiles, tortues et une grande diversit\u00e9 de poissons (sans doute plus de 200 esp\u00e8ces de poissons).<\/p>\n

\"\"
Carte des tourbi\u00e8res de la cuvette centrale (zones violettes et rouges) qui s\u2019\u00e9tendent sur le territoire de la R\u00e9publique\u00a0du\u00a0Congo et celui de la RDC. Source\u00a0: OFAC 2020\u00a0; Dargie et al. 2017<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les d\u00e9fis de la cartographie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pour d\u00e9limiter les zones inond\u00e9es en permanence comme celles du bassin du Congo, les scientifiques s\u2019appuient beaucoup sur l\u2019imagerie satellitaire Synthetic Aperture Radar<\/a> (SAR). Dans l\u2019acquisition de donn\u00e9es SAR, les capteurs du satellite envoient des micro-ondes qui p\u00e9n\u00e8trent la canop\u00e9e jusqu\u2019aux troncs et aux branches des arbres ainsi qu\u2019aux palmes, la radiation renvoy\u00e9e vers le satellite d\u00e9pendant fortement de l\u2019humidit\u00e9 du sol : plus le sol est humide, plus il y a de retours vers le satellite. Mais cette m\u00e9thode permet seulement de conna\u00eetre l\u2019\u00e9tendue des zones humides pr\u00e9sentes sans avoir d\u2019informations pr\u00e9cises sur les tourbi\u00e8res. C\u2019est dans ce contexte que les auteurs soulignent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9tudes de terrain compl\u00e9mentaires pour notamment cartographier l\u2019\u00e9tendue et la profondeur des tourbi\u00e8res, d\u00e9terminer et caract\u00e9riser les types de tourbi\u00e8res bois\u00e9es et comprendre l\u2019usage qu\u2019en font les communaut\u00e9s locales et la valeur qu\u2019elles leur accordent.<\/p>\n

Menaces et pressions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont aussi identifi\u00e9 plusieurs pressions potentielles qui risquent de d\u00e9stabiliser l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me tr\u00e8s sensible des tourbi\u00e8res de la cuvette centrale. En premier vient le changement climatique<\/a>, qui pourrait d\u00e9truire le fonctionnement des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes dans l\u2019ensemble de la sous-r\u00e9gion. Toute perturbation de l\u2019\u00e9quilibre hydrologique des tourbi\u00e8res qui induit une baisse de la nappe phr\u00e9atique peut intensifier la d\u00e9composition de la mati\u00e8re organique (surtout s\u2019il s\u2019agit de tourbi\u00e8res aliment\u00e9es par les pr\u00e9cipitations) et \u00e9ventuellement transformer celles-ci en \u00e9mettrices de carbone alors que ce sont des puits au d\u00e9part.<\/p>\n

\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que 30 concessions foresti\u00e8res en RDC et 7 au Congo recouvrent les tourbi\u00e8res ou se trouvent en lisi\u00e8re de celles-ci, le risque existe que l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re (l\u00e9gale ou ill\u00e9gale) donne acc\u00e8s \u00e0 ces zones fragiles, et perturbe \u00e9ventuellement le r\u00e9seau de drainage naturel. Les concessions d\u2019hydrocarbures qui exploitent le p\u00e9trole et le gaz des tourbi\u00e8res risquent fort de perturber leur hydrologie, de polluer cet \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me sensible, d\u2019accro\u00eetre les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre et d\u2019entra\u00eener des cons\u00e9quences socio\u00e9conomiques n\u00e9fastes, comme le d\u00e9placement de communaut\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Une autre pr\u00e9occupation est l\u2019essor des plantations de palmiers \u00e0 huile et l\u2019extension des activit\u00e9s agricoles, vivri\u00e8res et industrielles, dans les zones de tourbi\u00e8res. Ces activit\u00e9s requi\u00e8rent des infrastructures comme des routes et de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre, et donc un afflux de migrants.<\/p>\n

S\u2019il est peu probable que ces menaces surviennent de fa\u00e7on isol\u00e9e, les chercheurs affirment que, si elles se r\u00e9alisent, leur ampleur d\u00e9pendra de nombreux facteurs politiques et socio\u00e9conomiques, au niveau national comme international. Les synergies entre ces menaces pourraient aussi accentuer les impacts n\u00e9gatifs subis par les tourbi\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Selon Raoul Monsembula de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa, autre auteur du rapport, le drainage des tourbi\u00e8res modifie la couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale, menace la biodiversit\u00e9 des zones humides, d\u00e9grade la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau, provoque un affaissement des terrains, accro\u00eet le risque d\u2019incendie et de pr\u00e9judices pour les populations, leurs moyens de subsistance et l\u2019environnement. \u00ab Quand les tourbi\u00e8res sont d\u00e9grad\u00e9es, les travaux de r\u00e9humidification et de restauration peuvent \u00eatre tr\u00e8s co\u00fbteux, sans parfois parvenir \u00e0 retrouver les services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques d\u2019origine \u00bb, pr\u00e9cise-t-il. \u00ab La pr\u00e9vention est par cons\u00e9quent essentielle, surtout dans les tourbi\u00e8res relativement intactes de la cuvette centrale. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019existence d\u2019accords et de conventions comme la Convention de Ramsar<\/a>, d\u2019une r\u00e9solution de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e des Nations Unies pour l\u2019environnement (UNEP\/EA.4\/RES.16)<\/a>, et de la D\u00e9claration de Brazzaville sur les tourbi\u00e8res<\/a>, il sera indispensable de les appliquer et de les mettre en \u0153uvre effectivement dans les ann\u00e9es qui viennent, compte tenu de l\u2019importance \u00e9cologique de cet \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me pour la plan\u00e8te.<\/p>\n

Cet article est disponible \u00e9galement [Anglais<\/a>]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les donn\u00e9es de terrain sont essentielles pour comprendre la gen\u00e8se, la formation, le fonctionnement et l\u2019\u00e9tendue des tourbi\u00e8res du Centre du Congo, aussi appel\u00e9 cuvette centrale. D\u2019apr\u00e8s de r\u00e9centes recherches, la difficult\u00e9 d\u2019acc\u00e8s de ces tourbi\u00e8res, qui p\u00e8se sur les co\u00fbts et rallonge les d\u00e9lais, est le principal facteur qui complique la collecte des donn\u00e9es. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":82903,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,6090],"tags":[4811,11255,11246],"language":[2170],"location":[12246,12220,12258],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[5605,11079,2335],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[11146],"class_list":["post-82901","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-forests-news","tag-climate-change","tag-congo-basin-forests-state-of-the-forests-2021","tag-state-of-the-forests-2021","language-francais","location-africa","location-congo-basin","location-democratic-republic-of-congo","tag-francais-congo","tag-francais-congo-basin","tag-francais-forets"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCollecte de donn\u00e9es sur les tourbi\u00e8res dans les zones recul\u00e9es du Congo Central - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/82901\/la-difficulte-dacces-aux-tourbieres-de-la-cuvette-centrale-du-congo-les-protege-de-la-degradation-mais-complique-le-recueil-de-donnees\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Collecte de donn\u00e9es sur les tourbi\u00e8res dans les zones recul\u00e9es du Congo Central\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les donn\u00e9es de terrain sont essentielles pour comprendre la gen\u00e8se, la formation, le fonctionnement et l\u2019\u00e9tendue des tourbi\u00e8res du Centre du Congo, aussi appel\u00e9 cuvette centrale. 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