{"id":81160,"date":"2023-02-02T23:38:15","date_gmt":"2023-02-02T16:38:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=81160"},"modified":"2023-02-04T00:22:15","modified_gmt":"2023-02-03T17:22:15","slug":"les-contraintes-financieres-retardent-la-progression-des-plantations-forestieres-en-afrique-centrale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/81160\/les-contraintes-financieres-retardent-la-progression-des-plantations-forestieres-en-afrique-centrale","title":{"rendered":"Les contraintes financi\u00e8res retardent la progression des plantations foresti\u00e8res en Afrique centrale"},"content":{"rendered":"

La demande en bois va in\u00e9vitablement exploser, en particulier en Afrique o\u00f9 80 % des m\u00e9nages l\u2019utilisent comme combustible. Elle devrait quadrupler pour atteindre 6 milliards de m\u00b3 par an d\u2019ici 2050. Pour faire face \u00e0 ce spectaculaire essor escompt\u00e9 de la demande pour les ressources en bois, les plantations foresti\u00e8res commerciales peuvent remplir le m\u00eame r\u00f4le que les for\u00eats naturelles. Pourtant, d\u2019apr\u00e8s un rapport r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9, en d\u00e9pit de perspectives int\u00e9ressantes et d\u2019un fort potentiel, ces plantations foresti\u00e8res occupent une superficie tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9e en Afrique centrale et comptent peu en volume de production.<\/p>\n

Selon le rapport intitul\u00e9 Les for\u00eats du bassin du Congo \u2013 \u00c9tat des For\u00eats 2021<\/a> qui est publi\u00e9 par l\u2019Observatoire des For\u00eats d\u2019Afrique Centrale<\/a> (OFAC), les investissements dans les plantations foresti\u00e8res commerciales de la r\u00e9gion sont au point mort en raison d\u2019une croissance \u00e9conomique au ralenti depuis 20 ans. La difficult\u00e9 de trouver un financement pour des op\u00e9rations telles que les plantations foresti\u00e8res qui ne g\u00e9n\u00e8rent pas de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices rapidement complique d\u2019autant la situation. Il faut en effet 5 \u00e0 8 ans avant d\u2019enregistrer un flux de tr\u00e9sorerie positif apr\u00e8s avoir investi dans des plantations foresti\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Dans un chapitre du rapport<\/a>, les chercheurs pensent que les banques ne sont peut-\u00eatre pas int\u00e9ress\u00e9es de financer le volet production des plantations foresti\u00e8res, mais plut\u00f4t les segments en aval comme la transformation ou la valeur ajout\u00e9e. De plus, des infrastructures industrielles inadapt\u00e9es, une faible productivit\u00e9, des technologies inad\u00e9quates et le flou du r\u00e9gime foncier et de l\u2019utilisation des terres n\u2019incitent gu\u00e8re \u00e0 investir. Paul Bertaux et ses co-auteurs indiquent cependant que, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019aide publique au d\u00e9veloppement, il est possible d\u2019investir dans la fili\u00e8re bois-for\u00eat pour cr\u00e9er des plantations, des unit\u00e9s de transformation ou d\u00e9marrer une exploitation foresti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

S\u2019il y a eu peu d\u2019investissements jusqu\u2019ici, la production a \u00e9t\u00e9 peu importante \u00e9galement puisque la superficie couverte par des plantations foresti\u00e8res dans les pays du bassin du Congo reste modeste : Rwanda, 301 500 ha, Burundi, 146 000 ha, Congo, 74 500 ha, Gabon, 46 800 ha, Cameroun, 30 000 ha, RD Congo, 30 000 ha, et Guin\u00e9e \u00e9quatoriale,13 ha. Les donn\u00e9es n\u2019\u00e9taient pas disponibles pour le Tchad et Sao Tom\u00e9-et-Principe.<\/p>\n

Si l\u2019on observe l\u2019\u00e9volution des plantations foresti\u00e8res en Afrique centrale, on remarque la cr\u00e9ation de plantations d\u2019eucalyptus au Congo, qui a d\u00e9marr\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es 1950 pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 un besoin croissant de bois-\u00e9nergie \u00e0 Pointe-Noire. Apr\u00e8s une succession d\u2019actionnaires, un bail emphyt\u00e9otique a \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9 entre la R\u00e9publique du Congo et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 COFOR (Congo Forest Plantations), filiale congolaise du groupe fran\u00e7ais Forest Resources Management<\/a>, sur une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 38 000 ha, constituant le \u00ab P\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de Reboisement de Madingo-Kayes \u00bb (PRMK), comprenant 8 000 ha de plantations d\u2019eucalyptus, 6 000 ha de zones d\u2019extension, des for\u00eats naturelles et des zones de protection.<\/p>\n

Cependant, les scientifiques ont constat\u00e9 que, malgr\u00e9 les importantes surfaces plant\u00e9es, les rendements \u00e9lev\u00e9s (plus de 20 m\u00b3 par ha chaque ann\u00e9e) et la proximit\u00e9 du port de Pointe-Noire entre autres, les plantations foresti\u00e8res du Congo n\u2019ont pas connu un essor comparable aux succ\u00e8s industriels observ\u00e9s en Afrique du Sud et en Am\u00e9rique du Sud avec des technologies \u00e9quivalentes. D\u2019apr\u00e8s eux, plusieurs facteurs sont \u00e0 l\u2019origine de cette situation, notamment le manque de diversification et l\u2019urbanisation croissante qui entra\u00eene une exploitation ill\u00e9gale chronique sur pr\u00e8s de 10 000 hectares.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Carte du corridor \u00e9cologique des Bat\u00e9k\u00e9 o\u00f9 se trouve le syst\u00e8me agroforestier de Mampu Cr\u00e9dit : ERAIFT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les chercheurs ont aussi mentionn\u00e9 le syst\u00e8me agroforestier de Mampu qui associe des acacias australiens (mangium <\/em>et auriculiformis<\/em>) et le manioc : ce syst\u00e8me agraire a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 sur une superficie de 8 000 hectares en R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo entre 1987 et 1993 sous l\u2019encadrement de la Fondation Hanns Seidel. Implant\u00e9 sur le plateau bat\u00e9k\u00e9, ce projet \u00e9tait destin\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 l\u2019importante demande de charbon de bois de Kinshasa et \u00e0 exploiter le bois de qualit\u00e9 des acacias et leur capacit\u00e9 naturelle \u00e0 enrichir le sol. En 2009, on estimait la production annuelle du p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre du projet Mampu \u00e0 environ 10 000 tonnes de charbon de bois issu des plantations durables, 1 200 tonnes de ma\u00efs, 2 tonnes de miel, une grande quantit\u00e9 de manioc et divers PFNL.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Le syst\u00e8me agroforestier de Mampu a fait ses preuves : depuis 20 ans maintenant, 300 familles d\u2019agriculteurs vivent chacune sur 25 hectares plant\u00e9s en acacias, le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre des plantations accueillant plusieurs milliers de personnes autour d\u2019un centre r\u00e9sidentiel et commercial \u00bb, a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 l\u2019un des auteurs du rapport, Julius Chupezi Tieguhong, Responsable des for\u00eats au Centre africain des ressources naturelles de la Banque africaine de d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\n

J. Tieguhong a expliqu\u00e9 que la gestion du syst\u00e8me agroforestier par la pratique traditionnelle de l\u2019abattis-br\u00fblis, permettant la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration naturelle de l\u2019acacia, est un des facteurs de r\u00e9ussite du mod\u00e8le : \u00ab Cette technique, connue des agriculteurs, a facilit\u00e9 l\u2019appropriation et donc la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me agroforestier \u00bb.<\/p>\n

En ce qui concerne les possibilit\u00e9s de financement et d\u2019investissement pour la cr\u00e9ation de plantations foresti\u00e8res, les chercheurs se sont int\u00e9ress\u00e9s \u00e0 trois mod\u00e8les de partenariat : le partenariat public-priv\u00e9, les partenariats entre le secteur priv\u00e9 et les communaut\u00e9s, et ceux conclus entre les institutions financi\u00e8res et les pays. Les scientifiques ont cit\u00e9 le Gabon comme pays o\u00f9 le mod\u00e8le du partenariat public-priv\u00e9 a fait ses preuves. Depuis 2011, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Plantations Foresti\u00e8res de la Mvoum (PFM) s\u2019emploie \u00e0 mettre en valeur une superficie de 40 000 hectares conc\u00e9d\u00e9s par le Gouvernement \u00e0 environ 100 km de Libreville, la capitale gabonaise.<\/p>\n

Conscients de l\u2019augmentation de la demande alimentaire \u00e0 l\u2019avenir, les scientifiques consid\u00e8rent que les plantations d\u2019essences \u00e0 croissance rapide pourraient largement contribuer \u00e0 la conservation et \u00e0 la gestion durable des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes forestiers et des moyens de subsistance des populations en Afrique centrale. Compte tenu de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat des entreprises du secteur priv\u00e9 pour les plantations commerciales (manifest\u00e9 en d\u00e9clarations ou en actes), ils insistent sur le fait qu\u2019il est essentiel de prendre en consid\u00e9ration les besoins de toutes les parties prenantes et de peser avec soin les risques environnementaux et sociaux, car ces investissements visent des milieux complexes et fragiles.<\/p>\n

Enfin, ils pr\u00e9conisent de tenir compte de ces param\u00e8tres importants : le choix des directeurs et du personnel, des techniques sylvicoles ou de gestion foresti\u00e8re, du mat\u00e9riel v\u00e9g\u00e9tal, les opportunit\u00e9s concernant le foncier et la commercialisation, la mobilisation des parties prenantes, l\u2019impact carbone et les normes de certification.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La demande en bois va in\u00e9vitablement exploser, en particulier en Afrique o\u00f9 80 % des m\u00e9nages l\u2019utilisent comme combustible. Elle devrait quadrupler pour atteindre 6 milliards de m\u00b3 par an d\u2019ici 2050. Pour faire face \u00e0 ce spectaculaire essor escompt\u00e9 de la demande pour les ressources en bois, les plantations foresti\u00e8res commerciales peuvent remplir le […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":81162,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[2335],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[11146],"class_list":["post-81160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","tag-francais-forets"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes contraintes financi\u00e8res retardent la progression des plantations foresti\u00e8res en Afrique centrale - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/81160\/les-contraintes-financieres-retardent-la-progression-des-plantations-forestieres-en-afrique-centrale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les contraintes financi\u00e8res retardent la progression des plantations foresti\u00e8res en Afrique centrale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La demande en bois va in\u00e9vitablement exploser, en particulier en Afrique o\u00f9 80 % des m\u00e9nages l\u2019utilisent comme combustible. 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