{"id":79931,"date":"2022-11-17T16:00:10","date_gmt":"2022-11-17T09:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=79931"},"modified":"2022-11-18T09:01:50","modified_gmt":"2022-11-18T02:01:50","slug":"plus-dun-quart-des-forets-du-bassin-du-congo-risquent-de-disparaitre-dici-2050","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/79931\/plus-dun-quart-des-forets-du-bassin-du-congo-risquent-de-disparaitre-dici-2050","title":{"rendered":"Plus d\u2019un quart des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo risquent de dispara\u00eetre d\u2019ici 2050"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u2019apr\u00e8s un rapport tout juste publi\u00e9, 27 % de la surface des for\u00eats tropicales humides non perturb\u00e9es du bassin du Congo observ\u00e9e en 2020 dispara\u00eetront d\u2019ici 2050 si la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats se poursuivent au m\u00eame rythme.<\/p>\n

En janvier 2020, on estimait qu\u2019il y avait 200 millions d\u2019hectares de for\u00eats sempervirentes et semi-d\u00e9cidues en Afrique centrale, y compris l\u2019Angola et l\u2019Ouganda, dont 184,7 millions ne montraient aucun signe de perturbation, selon L\u2019\u00c9tat des For\u00eats du bassin du Congo 2021<\/em><\/a>, rapport publi\u00e9 par l\u2019Observatoire<\/a> des For\u00eats d\u2019Afrique Centrale (OFAC). Malheureusement, les for\u00eats intactes se r\u00e9duisent \u00e0 un rythme acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 depuis cette date : en effet, cette superficie a d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 amput\u00e9e de 18 millions d\u2019hectares.<\/p>\n

La version fran\u00e7aise<\/a> du rapport a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9e lors de la 19e R\u00e9union des Parties du Partenariat pour les for\u00eats du bassin du Congo, et la version anglaise<\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e la semaine derni\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

Selon les auteurs du premier chapitre du rapport<\/a> chapeaut\u00e9 par Juliette Dalimier, on a observ\u00e9 une augmentation significative du rythme annuel des perturbations de la for\u00eat tropicale humide entre 2015 et 2020, qui ont touch\u00e9 1,79 million d\u2019hectares par an. Lors de la d\u00e9cennie 2005-2015, la superficie qui disparaissait chaque ann\u00e9e \u00e9tait de 1,36 million d\u2019hectares. Depuis 2009, le rythme annuel des perturbations s\u2019est accru dans tous les pays d\u2019Afrique centrale.<\/p>\n

Avec 105,8 millions d\u2019hectares, la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC) est le premier pays d\u2019Afrique et le deuxi\u00e8me du monde tropical qui pr\u00e9sente actuellement la plus grande superficie de for\u00eat tropicale humide non perturb\u00e9e. Le Cameroun, le Gabon et la R\u00e9publique du Congo pr\u00e9sentent \u00e9galement de vastes surfaces de for\u00eat intacte allant de 19,8 millions d\u2019hectares \u00e0 23,4 millions d\u2019hectares.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Avant de publier ce rapport, la for\u00eat a \u00e9t\u00e9 cartographi\u00e9e sur le plan de la flore, de la physionomie et du stock de carbone. Pour la cartographie floristique, nous avons \u00e9galement pris en compte les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019inventaire d\u2019am\u00e9nagement collect\u00e9es par 105 concessions foresti\u00e8res en Afrique centrale, \u00e0 l\u2019exclusion des r\u00e9gions d\u2019altitude ou satur\u00e9es en eau. Ce sont environ 6 millions d\u2019arbres de plus de 30 cm de diam\u00e8tre et couvrant pr\u00e8s de 90 000 hectares qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 analys\u00e9s, ce qui a permis aux chercheurs de cat\u00e9goriser trois gradients floristiques en fonction du climat, de la saisonnalit\u00e9 et des temp\u00e9ratures maximales, ainsi que de l\u2019activit\u00e9 humaine<\/em>, \u00bb explique Juliette Dalimier.<\/p>\n\n

Recherchant avant tout la pr\u00e9cision des r\u00e9sultats, les scientifiques ont \u00e9galement appliqu\u00e9 une r\u00e9cente technique pour cartographier les types de for\u00eat sur le plan physionomique, ce qui leur a livr\u00e9 des informations d\u00e9taill\u00e9es tant sur le plan s\u00e9mantique, que spatial avec une r\u00e9solution de 20 m. Ce degr\u00e9 de pr\u00e9cision, jamais vu jusqu\u2019ici pour une telle superficie g\u00e9ographique, a \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenu gr\u00e2ce aux donn\u00e9es du satellite Sentinel-2 acquises en 2020 et \u00e0 une nouvelle m\u00e9thode de correction des images qui permet de combler les zones nuageuses par des observations datant de 2018-2019 r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par le satellite Sentinel-1. Ce satellite n\u2019est en effet pas g\u00ean\u00e9 par les nuages puisqu\u2019il fonctionne comme les radars et cette m\u00e9thode permet donc de produire un composite annuel coh\u00e9rent.<\/p>\n

Cependant, en raison de la raret\u00e9 des observations de terrain et des difficult\u00e9s d\u2019extrapolation des stocks de carbone par la t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection, les chercheurs n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 en mesure de d\u00e9terminer la r\u00e9partition spatiale des stocks de carbone dans les for\u00eats d\u2019Afrique centrale.<\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce aux \u00e9tudes qui ont permis de classer la zone \u00e9tudi\u00e9e en for\u00eat non perturb\u00e9e, en for\u00eat d\u00e9grad\u00e9e et en non for\u00eat au niveau sous-national, les scientifiques ont d\u00e9couvert que les unit\u00e9s administratives ayant peu de for\u00eats non perturb\u00e9es \u00e9taient plus fragiles parce qu\u2019elles ont aussi en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral une plus grande proportion de for\u00eats d\u00e9grad\u00e9es. Ils se sont aper\u00e7us que la majeure partie des espaces bois\u00e9s d\u2019Afrique convertis en plantations foresti\u00e8res entre 1990 et 2020 sont situ\u00e9s en RDC (80 000 ha), au Cameroun (70 000 ha) et au Gabon (40 000 ha).<\/p>\n

\n
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Proportion de for\u00eats intactes (vert fonc\u00e9), de for\u00eats d\u00e9grad\u00e9es (vert clair) et de non for\u00eat (orange) par unit\u00e9 administrative d\u2019apr\u00e8s les donn\u00e9es Tropical Moist Forest 2019. Dans la figure, les zones d\u00e9bois\u00e9es avant 2019 sont class\u00e9es en non for\u00eat. Cr\u00e9dit : OFAC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

S\u2019appuyant sur cette \u00e9tude, les scientifiques ont pu aussi d\u00e9terminer que, dans l\u2019ensemble du bassin du Congo, 5 % des zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es se retrouvent dans le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre d\u2019un titre minier, alors que 65 % de la superficie de ces titres est constitu\u00e9e de for\u00eat intacte ou d\u00e9grad\u00e9e. Selon le rapport, c\u2019est en RDC et en R\u00e9publique centrafricaine que le secteur minier se r\u00e9percute le plus sur la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats et la d\u00e9forestation. Sans parler de la mine artisanale, on notera que 11,6 % du territoire de la RDC est couvert par des titres miniers alors que 35 % de leur superficie sont couverts de for\u00eats.<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont aussi d\u00e9couvert que la d\u00e9forestation induite par la mise en place des infrastructures n\u00e9cessaires aux activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle produit des effets directs (perte de biodiversit\u00e9) et indirects (pollution des milieux aquatiques). En m\u00eame temps, les cons\u00e9quences de l\u2019afflux de population voulant b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier des avantages \u00e9conomiques de l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re sont le braconnage et l\u2019agriculture vivri\u00e8re dans les for\u00eats adjacentes ou dans leurs environs.<\/p>\n

LE PARADOXE DES AIRES PROT\u00c9G\u00c9ES<\/strong><\/p>\n

R\u00e9pondant au besoin de soulager la pression qui nuit aux for\u00eats, de pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes riches en faune et en flore, ainsi que de procurer des avantages aux communaut\u00e9s foresti\u00e8res, les \u00c9tats du bassin du Congo ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 de nombreuses aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es depuis 20 ans. Malheureusement, ces efforts ont \u00e9t\u00e9 contrari\u00e9s par un manque de financement, de ressources humaines et techniques, par l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique, et les conflits dont p\u00e2tissent de nombreux pays de la sous-r\u00e9gion. Tout ceci a compliqu\u00e9 la bonne gestion de ces aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es, bien que les chercheurs soient convaincus que les politiques d\u2019attribution des terres dans le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es sont des mesures int\u00e9ressantes dans la lutte contre la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Les aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es, les concessions foresti\u00e8res et les for\u00eats communautaires permettent de r\u00e9duire consid\u00e9rablement la destruction des for\u00eats et d\u2019impliquer les populations locales dans la conservation des massifs tout en assurant leur subsistance<\/em> \u00bb, d\u00e9clare Pierre Ploton du Centre de coop\u00e9ration internationale en recherche agronomique pour le d\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD), autre auteur ayant contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9daction de ce rapport.<\/p>\n

Tenant la deuxi\u00e8me place apr\u00e8s l\u2019Amazonie compte tenu de leur superficie, les for\u00eats denses humides du bassin du Congo constituent un exceptionnel r\u00e9servoir de carbone (environ 40 gigatonnes), mais aussi de biodiversit\u00e9 pour les pays d\u2019Afrique centrale et pour la plan\u00e8te. Il n\u2019y a plus de temps \u00e0 perdre pour pr\u00e9server ces for\u00eats, car pr\u00e8s de 60 millions de personnes en d\u00e9pendent directement pour leur subsistance et 40 millions d\u2019urbains vivant dans les villes proches se nourrissent en partie gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 elles.<\/p>\n

\u00ab L\u2019Afrique centrale est une r\u00e9gion prioritaire pour la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9 en raison de son patrimoine exceptionnel et du nombre important de ses esp\u00e8ces end\u00e9miques. Ses \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes constituent un bien commun, \u00e0 la fois pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations actuelles, les millions de personnes qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient des ressources naturelles qu\u2019ils procurent, et pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures. Comme sur le reste de la plan\u00e8te, la biodiversit\u00e9 de la sous-r\u00e9gion est menac\u00e9e par de nombreux facteurs, et il faut donc consid\u00e9rer que son avenir rel\u00e8ve de la responsabilit\u00e9 commune des pays d\u2019Afrique centrale et de la communaut\u00e9 internationale \u00bb<\/em>, affirme Richard Eba\u2019a Atyi, coordonnateur r\u00e9gional du CIFOR-ICRAF pour l\u2019Afrique centrale dans les conclusions<\/a> du rapport.<\/p>\n

La version fran\u00e7aise<\/a> du rapport a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9e<\/a> lors de la 19e R\u00e9union des Parties du Partenariat pour les for\u00eats du bassin du Congo, et la version anglaise<\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e la semaine derni\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

\n

Cette recherche a \u00e9t\u00e9 appuy\u00e9e par la Commission Europ\u00e9enne \u00e0 travers le projet RIOFAC \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u2019apr\u00e8s un rapport tout juste publi\u00e9, 27 % de la surface des for\u00eats tropicales humides non perturb\u00e9es du bassin du Congo observ\u00e9e en 2020 dispara\u00eetront d\u2019ici 2050 si la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats se poursuivent au m\u00eame rythme. En janvier 2020, on estimait qu\u2019il y avait 200 millions d\u2019hectares de for\u00eats sempervirentes et […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":79932,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[5569,11147],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3000],"coauthors":[11146],"class_list":["post-79931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-forests-news","language-francais","tag-francais-forets-tropicales","tag-francais-forets-tropicales-humides","type-francais-nouvelles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPlus d\u2019un quart des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo risquent de dispara\u00eetre d\u2019ici 2050 - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/79931\/plus-dun-quart-des-forets-du-bassin-du-congo-risquent-de-disparaitre-dici-2050\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Plus d\u2019un quart des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo risquent de dispara\u00eetre d\u2019ici 2050\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"D\u2019apr\u00e8s un rapport tout juste publi\u00e9, 27 % de la surface des for\u00eats tropicales humides non perturb\u00e9es du bassin du Congo observ\u00e9e en 2020 dispara\u00eetront d\u2019ici 2050 si la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats se poursuivent au m\u00eame rythme. 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