{"id":67568,"date":"2020-09-30T14:00:02","date_gmt":"2020-09-30T07:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=67568"},"modified":"2022-10-12T09:28:57","modified_gmt":"2022-10-12T02:28:57","slug":"qui-doit-tirer-profit-de-la-diversite-biologique-de-lafrique-centrale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/67568\/qui-doit-tirer-profit-de-la-diversite-biologique-de-lafrique-centrale","title":{"rendered":"Qui doit tirer profit de la diversit\u00e9 biologique de l\u2019Afrique centrale ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Abritant une myriade d\u2019esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales et animales, l\u2019Afrique centrale est l\u2019un des grands r\u00e9servoirs des ressources biologiques et g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques au monde. Ces ressources peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour d\u00e9velopper une large gamme de produits, tels que les cosm\u00e9tiques et les produits d\u2019hygi\u00e8ne personnelle, les produits nutraceutiques, les aliments et les boissons, ainsi que l\u2019herboristerie.<\/p>\n

Cependant, dans de nombreux cas, les avantages commerciaux et non commerciaux issus de l\u2019utilisation des ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques ne font pas l\u2019objet d\u2019un partage \u00e9quitable, en particulier parmi les communaut\u00e9s autochtones et locales qui sont traditionnellement les gardiennes de ces ressources et en d\u00e9pendent pour leur de subsistance. C\u2019est pourquoi l’acc\u00e8s et le partage juste et \u00e9quitable des avantages<\/a> (APA) reste un axe important dans l\u2019agenda internationale en mati\u00e8re de biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Issu du processus de la Convention sur la diversit\u00e9 biologique<\/a> (CDB) en 1992, et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans le protocole de Nagoya<\/a>, l’APA vise \u00e0 garantir \u00ab un acc\u00e8s satisfaisant aux ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques et un transfert appropri\u00e9 des technologies pertinentes, compte tenu de tous les droits sur ces ressources et aux technologies et gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un financement ad\u00e9quat, contribuant ainsi \u00e0 la conservation de la diversit\u00e9 biologique et \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation durable de ses \u00e9l\u00e9ments constitutifs. \u00bb<\/p>\n

N\u00e9anmoins, traduire ces accords internationaux dans des cadres juridiques nationaux et d\u00e9finir ce qui devrait y \u00eatre inclus, repr\u00e9sentent un d\u00e9fi majeur. En Afrique centrale, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 qu\u2019une grande partie de la biodiversit\u00e9 est partag\u00e9e au-del\u00e0 des fronti\u00e8res, les gouvernements nationaux se sont engag\u00e9s \u00e0 adopter une approche r\u00e9gionale \u00e0 travers la Commission des for\u00eats d\u2019Afrique centrale<\/a> (COMIFAC). Mais un policy brief<\/em> r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9 par Voices for BioJustice<\/em><\/a> remarque une faible coh\u00e9rence et une coordination limit\u00e9e entre les divers pays.<\/p>\n

D\u00e9fis de coordination<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bien que les dix \u00c9tats Membres de la COMIFAC participent aux dialogues sur l’APA depuis de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, la formulation de cadres r\u00e9glementaires au niveau national reste en cours d’\u00e9laboration, ce qui pourrait bien se comprendre au regard de la complexit\u00e9 des enjeux, explique Abdon Awono, scientifique au Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale<\/a> (CIFOR) et co-auteur dudit policy brief<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Afin d\u2019\u00e9tablir une approche coordonn\u00e9e des cadres r\u00e9glementaires en mati\u00e8re d\u2019APA dans la r\u00e9gion, la COMIFAC a \u00e9labor\u00e9 et approuv\u00e9 en 2011 une strat\u00e9gie pour \u00e9viter la concurrence entre ses \u00c9tats Membres pour les utilisateurs potentiels et le partage des avantages li\u00e9s aux ressources biologiques et g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques.<\/p>\n

Selon la COMIFAC, \u00ab ce processus d\u00e9bouchera sur un accord clair visant \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une coh\u00e9rence dans les aspects de fond des r\u00e9glementations, comme le champ d’application, tout en reconnaissant une certaine souplesse dans d’autres domaines, comme les syst\u00e8mes et les proc\u00e9dures d’autorisation, afin de tenir compte des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s institutionnelles nationales. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Cependant, le policy brief<\/em> montre qu\u2019en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 les projets d’instruments APA, lorsqu’ils existent, adoptent des approches tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes en ce qui concerne les \u00e9l\u00e9ments inclus dans leur champ d\u2019application et pour ceux qui ne le sont pas.<\/p>\n

Par exemple, au Cameroun le projet de cadre r\u00e9glementaire sur l’APA adopte une approche tr\u00e8s large du champ d’application qui comprend l’acc\u00e8s aux ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques et l’utilisation de celles-ci, la prise en compte des connaissances traditionnelles et les d\u00e9riv\u00e9s qui y sont associ\u00e9s. Pendant ce temps, au Burundi, la r\u00e9glementation est plus \u00e9troite et s’applique seulement aux ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques sur lesquelles l’\u00c9tat a des droits souverains, et aux savoirs traditionnels.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Au regard du caract\u00e8re tr\u00e8s large du champ d\u2019application de l\u2019APA, la majorit\u00e9 des \u00c9tats Membres de la COMIFAC ont encore des efforts consid\u00e9rables \u00e0 faire pour d\u00e9finir ou adopter le champ d’application de leurs futurs cadres r\u00e9glementaires en la mati\u00e8re, \u00bb dit A. Awono. \u00ab Certains examinent encore les avantages et les inconv\u00e9nients d’une approche large ou \u00e9troite du champ d’application. Si ces probl\u00e8mes ne sont pas r\u00e9solus, il sera difficile de promouvoir une meilleure harmonisation r\u00e9gionale. \u00bb<\/p>\n\n

Biocommerce vs. biod\u00e9couverte<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lorsqu’on parle d’APA, il y a deux domaines d’application diff\u00e9rents qu’il convient de d\u00e9finir : le biocommerce qui s\u2019articule autour de la collecte, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation des biens et services issus de la biodiversit\u00e9 indig\u00e8ne sous le crit\u00e8re de la durabilit\u00e9 environnementale, sociale et \u00e9conomique ; et la biod\u00e9couverte, qui comprend la collecte d’\u00e9chantillons de ressources biologiques et la recherche sur ces \u00e9chantillons afin de d\u00e9couvrir des informations g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques ou des compos\u00e9s de valeur.<\/p>\n

Ces deux domaines posent des d\u00e9fis de mise en \u0153uvre diff\u00e9rents pour l’APA. Cependant, selon A. Awono, le probl\u00e8me est que parfois les champs d\u2019application se chevauchent, provoquant des vides juridiques. \u00c0 ce propos, il affirme par exemple que \u00ab la ligne de d\u00e9marcation entre les deux domaines n’est pas toujours nette, car les entreprises peuvent s’approvisionner en mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res pour fabriquer des produits commerciaux comme les huiles essentielles, mais elles peuvent aussi entreprendre des recherches plus pouss\u00e9es sur les esp\u00e8ces, qui rel\u00e8vent alors de la bio-d\u00e9couverte. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Dans ce sens, les auteurs du policy brief<\/em> concluent par un appel \u00e0 la d\u00e9finition d\u2019un champ d\u2019application plus clair dans des lois sur l’APA en Afrique centrale, afin de faciliter la mise en \u0153uvre et la d\u00e9livrance des permis afin d\u2019\u00e9viter des malentendus, et de partager de mani\u00e8re plus \u00e9quitable les avantages issus de la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Abritant une myriade d\u2019esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales et animales, l\u2019Afrique centrale est l\u2019un des grands r\u00e9servoirs des ressources biologiques et g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques au monde. Ces ressources peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour d\u00e9velopper une large gamme de produits, tels que les cosm\u00e9tiques et les produits d\u2019hygi\u00e8ne personnelle, les produits nutraceutiques, les aliments et les boissons, ainsi que l\u2019herboristerie. Cependant, dans […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":350,"featured_media":67569,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3436,10071,10070,3110,5604,10069,10072],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3051],"coauthors":[9704],"class_list":["post-67568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","tag-francais-afrique-centrale","tag-francais-biocommerce","tag-francais-biodecouverte","tag-francais-biodiversite","tag-francais-convention-sur-la-diversite-biologique","tag-francais-diversite-biologique","tag-francais-ressources-genetiques","type-francais-debat"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nQui doit tirer profit de la diversit\u00e9 biologique de l\u2019Afrique centrale ? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/67568\/qui-doit-tirer-profit-de-la-diversite-biologique-de-lafrique-centrale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Qui doit tirer profit de la diversit\u00e9 biologique de l\u2019Afrique centrale ?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Abritant une myriade d\u2019esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales et animales, l\u2019Afrique centrale est l\u2019un des grands r\u00e9servoirs des ressources biologiques et g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques au monde. 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