{"id":65253,"date":"2020-04-24T20:15:12","date_gmt":"2020-04-24T13:15:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=65253"},"modified":"2020-12-07T11:45:40","modified_gmt":"2020-12-07T04:45:40","slug":"la-pandemie-du-covid-19-retour-de-la-nature-dans-les-forets-vides-apres-la-disparition-des-animaux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/65253\/la-pandemie-du-covid-19-retour-de-la-nature-dans-les-forets-vides-apres-la-disparition-des-animaux","title":{"rendered":"La pand\u00e9mie du COVID-19 : Retour de la nature dans les \u00ab for\u00eats vides \u00bb apr\u00e8s la disparition des animaux"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00ab \u00c0 la vue d\u2019une for\u00eat o\u00f9 les arbres sont abondants, gardons-nous de croire que tout va bien pour autant. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Incitant \u00e0 la prudence, Kent Redford examinait \u00e0 la loupe la pens\u00e9e dominante \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la conservation des for\u00eats dans un essai intitul\u00e9 \u00ab The Empty Forest<\/a> \u00bb, publi\u00e9 dans la revue BioScience<\/em> il y a presque 30 ans.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Bon nombre de ces for\u00eats sont \u00ab des morts vivants \u00bb et, m\u00eame si elles apparaissent comme espaces bois\u00e9s pour les satellites qui les survolent, ce qui rassure, elles sont vid\u00e9es d\u2019une grande partie de leur riche faune appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e des humains \u00bb, \u00e9crivait K. Redford, parlant de for\u00eats sur pied apparemment prosp\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Une for\u00eat vide est une for\u00eat condamn\u00e9e \u00bb, d\u00e9clarait-il.<\/p>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, \u00e0 l\u2019heure des d\u00e9bats sur la pand\u00e9mie du COVID-19 et son lien avec les animaux sauvages et la d\u00e9forestation, et alors que l\u2019on recherche l\u2019origine du nouveau coronavirus SARS-COV2, son essai marquant \u00e9voque un retour \u00e9ventuel du probl\u00e8me.<\/p>\n

Selon l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se la plus r\u00e9pandue<\/a>, le virus, d\u2019origine zoonotique, venu des chauves-souris, est pass\u00e9 par un<\/a> autre animal, peut-\u00eatre un pangolin ou un chien, avant d\u2019\u00eatre transmis aux personnes fr\u00e9quentant un march\u00e9 de Wuhan en Chine.<\/p>\n

Au CIFOR, nos travaux sur les virus et les for\u00eats portent sur les conditions qui permettent ces transmissions.<\/p>\n\n

Dans un article<\/a> publi\u00e9 en 2016 dans Mammal Review<\/em>, nous avons identifi\u00e9 l\u2019aire de r\u00e9partition du virus mortel de l\u2019Ebola dans le bassin du Congo, \u00e9tape cruciale de la compr\u00e9hension des facteurs de risque entra\u00eenant de nouveaux cas. Nous nous sommes employ\u00e9s \u00e0 cerner les pays non touch\u00e9s par le virus, mais cependant \u00ab \u00e0 risque \u00bb, pour disposer d\u2019une base \u00e9ventuelle permettant de se pr\u00e9parer de fa\u00e7on ad\u00e9quate \u00e0 une pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n

Actuellement, la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo livre bataille contre la deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9pid\u00e9mie d\u2019Ebola en termes d\u2019importance, avec plus de 3 300 cas confirm\u00e9s, plus de 2 260 d\u00e9c\u00e8s et 1 169 survivants, depuis le d\u00e9but de la vague en ao\u00fbt 2018, selon les informations de<\/a> l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (OMS).<\/p>\n

Dans un article publi\u00e9<\/a> en 2017 dans Nature , <\/em>nous avons d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la d\u00e9forestation augmente la probabilit\u00e9 du d\u00e9clenchement d\u2019une \u00e9pid\u00e9mie d\u2019Ebola, et que la conservation des for\u00eats pourrait r\u00e9duire l\u2019\u00e9ventualit\u00e9 d\u2019autres \u00e9pisodes \u00e0 l\u2019avenir.<\/p>\n

Si d\u2019une part d\u2019apr\u00e8s nos conclusions<\/a>, c\u2019est dans la for\u00eat tropicale humide que prosp\u00e8re le virus Ebola et qu\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9 le plus grand nombre de cas de transmission de divers animaux \u00e0 l\u2019\u00eatre humain, nos cartes montrent \u00e9galement que la maladie circule librement parmi la population des lisi\u00e8res foresti\u00e8res et des zones adjacentes.<\/p>\n

Une analyse et une \u00e9tude compl\u00e9mentaires de l\u2019interface entre l\u2019humain et la faune sauvage sont n\u00e9cessaires pour d\u00e9finir les zones o\u00f9 les populations humaines sont expos\u00e9es au risque de transmission zoonotique du virus Ebola. Dans ce cadre, nos mod\u00e8les existants peuvent servir \u00e0 d\u00e9limiter le contexte g\u00e9ographique.<\/p>\n

Lorsque les facteurs de transmission zoonotique du virus Ebola seront mieux connus, il sera possible d\u2019int\u00e9grer ces informations dans les futures \u00e9valuations de la cartographie des risques et de mettre en place des mesures d\u2019att\u00e9nuation ou de pr\u00e9vention.<\/p>\n

Nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 pris des mesures en ce sens.<\/p>\n

Dans un article publi\u00e9<\/a> en fin d\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re dans Mammal Review<\/em>, nous avons montr\u00e9 que la d\u00e9forestation peut acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la propagation de l\u2019Ebola dans les for\u00eats tropicales humides d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest et centrale en accroissant le risque de rencontre entre les humains et les chauves-souris.<\/p>\n

Nous avan\u00e7ons<\/a> que lorsque ces frugivores volants sont d\u00e9rang\u00e9s par des activit\u00e9s anthropiques qui induisent un d\u00e9boisement, leur habitat s\u2019\u00e9tend, ce qui multiplie les contacts avec la population et favorise la propagation de cette maladie.<\/p>\n\n

MODIFICATION DES \u00c9QUILIBRES<\/p>\n

Trente ans apr\u00e8s, l\u2019id\u00e9e de K. Redford est plus vraie que jamais.<\/p>\n

Vid\u00e9es de leur biodiversit\u00e9 naturelle par l\u2019intrusion massive de l\u2019agriculture et de l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re ou mini\u00e8re, les for\u00eats sont d\u00e9figur\u00e9es par une d\u00e9forestation galopante et la d\u00e9gradation des paysages.<\/p>\n

Nous pensons que lorsque les prises de chasse, surtout les gros mammif\u00e8res, sortent de la for\u00eat, l\u2019\u00e9quilibre entre les agents pathog\u00e8nes et leurs h\u00f4tes se modifie au point que les virus et les bact\u00e9ries responsables de maladies passent d\u2019animal en animal et m\u00eame \u00e0 l\u2019\u00eatre humain.<\/p>\n

Pour rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, nous projetons de lancer une vaste \u00e9tude scientifique pour cartographier les zones correspondant \u00e0 des \u00ab paysages \u00e0 forte activit\u00e9 \u00bb o\u00f9 sont apparus de nouveaux virus depuis 100 ans, afin de les associer par paire et d\u2019\u00e9tudier les circonstances qui se r\u00e9p\u00e8tent dans les paysages forestiers.<\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce aux recherches d\u00e9j\u00e0 effectu\u00e9es sur l\u2019Ebola et les for\u00eats, la base de ces travaux est d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00eate. Maintenant, il nous faut des analyses compl\u00e9mentaires ciblant l\u2019interface humains-faune sauvage pour d\u00e9limiter les zones o\u00f9 les populations humaines risquent de contracter une maladie par transmission zoonotique.<\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ces travaux, nous offrons la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019int\u00e9grer ces informations dans l\u2019\u00e9valuation de la cartographie des risques et sommes en mesure d\u2019aider les pouvoirs publics \u00e0 mettre en place des mesures d\u2019att\u00e9nuation et de pr\u00e9vention.<\/p>\n

Globalement, les experts s\u2019accordent sur la hausse<\/a> du nombre de maladies infectieuses transmises des animaux \u00e0 l\u2019humain. Un certain nombre d\u2019\u00e9tudes ont examin\u00e9 les causes possibles de cette situation, notamment en isolant comme facteur potentiel les paysages dens\u00e9ment peupl\u00e9s o\u00f9 les esp\u00e8ces animales se multiplient et s\u2019adaptent.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est le cas par exemple dans les zones agricoles ou urbaines o\u00f9 se recoupent les habitats de la faune et des populations humaines qui consomment les m\u00eames aliments.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de la population humaine de la plan\u00e8te \u00e9tant citadine, la transmission zoonotique d\u2019agents pathog\u00e8nes est fortement susceptible de se poursuivre par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire d\u2019esp\u00e8ces comme les rats et d\u2019autres rongeurs, selon les chercheurs de l\u2019EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics<\/a> de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Californie \u00e0 Davis et de la Facult\u00e9 des sciences v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires et agronomiques<\/a> de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Melbourne en Australie.<\/p>\n

D\u2019autre part, dans un article publi\u00e9 cette semaine, des scientifiques de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Glasgow<\/a> en \u00c9cosse font savoir que les familles d\u2019animaux comportant de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces tendent \u00e0 \u00eatre porteuses d\u2019un plus grand nombre de virus, ce qui augmente par cons\u00e9quent la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019infection de l\u2019\u00eatre humain.<\/p>\n

D\u2019apr\u00e8s eux, la recherche devrait s\u2019int\u00e9resser aux caract\u00e9ristiques virales susceptibles d\u2019accro\u00eetre la possibilit\u00e9 de transmission aux personnes et \u00e9tudier les cons\u00e9quences du trafic d\u2019animaux sauvages et des mutations environnementales sur l\u2019augmentation des contacts entre les humains et les animaux, et donc les virus.<\/p>\n

Dans l\u2019\u00ab The Empty Forest \u00bb, K. Redford \u00e9crivait que les biologistes de la conservation sont par d\u00e9finition pr\u00e9occup\u00e9s par l\u2019extinction, en faisant remarquer qu\u2019il existe plusieurs types d\u2019extinction : \u00e9cologique, locale, mondiale.<\/p>\n

Il d\u00e9finit l\u2019extinction \u00e9cologique comme \u00ab la r\u00e9duction d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 un effectif si faible que sa pr\u00e9sence dans la communaut\u00e9 ne permet plus de nombreux contacts avec d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Que se passe-t-il si un contact et une concurrence avec les \u00eatres humains est la seule possibilit\u00e9 ? Que se passe-t-il dans l\u2019ordre naturel des choses dans ce cas ?<\/p>\n\n

Le r\u00f4le des animaux dans la for\u00eat est essentiel : ils fournissent des services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques, dispersent pollen et graines, et r\u00e9gulent les autres populations animales comme les insectes et les parasites. Ils apportent aussi \u00e0 des millions de personnes des prot\u00e9ines et des graisses indispensables.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est pour cette raison que nous devons mieux cerner ce qui se passe quand la nature est perturb\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Ne laissons les \u00ab paysages \u00e0 forte activit\u00e9 \u00bb transform\u00e9s par les interventions d\u2019origine anthropiques nous faire oublier le potentiel d\u00e9vastateur, pour la sant\u00e9 humaine, des mutations \u00e9cologiques qui se produisent dans les for\u00eats.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00ab \u00c0 la vue d\u2019une for\u00eat o\u00f9 les arbres sont abondants, gardons-nous de croire que tout va bien pour autant. \u00bb Incitant \u00e0 la prudence, Kent Redford examinait \u00e0 la loupe la pens\u00e9e dominante \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la conservation des for\u00eats dans un essai intitul\u00e9 \u00ab The Empty Forest \u00bb, publi\u00e9 dans la revue BioScience […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":85,"featured_media":65254,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3435,9730,3437,8042,7530,7766],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[851,989,10220],"class_list":["post-65253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","tag-francais-chasse","tag-francais-covid-19","tag-francais-ebola","tag-francais-faune-sauvage","tag-francais-foret","tag-francais-maladie","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa pand\u00e9mie du COVID-19 : Retour de la nature dans les \u00ab for\u00eats vides \u00bb apr\u00e8s la disparition des animaux - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/65253\/la-pandemie-du-covid-19-retour-de-la-nature-dans-les-forets-vides-apres-la-disparition-des-animaux\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La pand\u00e9mie du COVID-19 : Retour de la nature dans les \u00ab for\u00eats vides \u00bb apr\u00e8s la disparition des animaux\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00ab \u00c0 la vue d\u2019une for\u00eat o\u00f9 les arbres sont abondants, gardons-nous de croire que tout va bien pour autant. \u00bb Incitant \u00e0 la prudence, Kent Redford examinait \u00e0 la loupe la pens\u00e9e dominante \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la conservation des for\u00eats dans un essai intitul\u00e9 \u00ab The Empty Forest \u00bb, publi\u00e9 dans la revue BioScience […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/65253\/la-pandemie-du-covid-19-retour-de-la-nature-dans-les-forets-vides-apres-la-disparition-des-animaux\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-04-24T13:15:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-12-07T04:45:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/35726273532_96a8ca69e1_k.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1365\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Robert Nasi, Julie Mollins, Julia E. 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