{"id":64922,"date":"2020-03-31T20:57:07","date_gmt":"2020-03-31T13:57:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=64922"},"modified":"2020-12-07T11:49:15","modified_gmt":"2020-12-07T04:49:15","slug":"linterdiction-de-la-viande-sauvage-a-cause-du-covid-19-pourrait-priver-de-proteines-des-millions-de-personnes-habitant-dans-les-forets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/64922\/linterdiction-de-la-viande-sauvage-a-cause-du-covid-19-pourrait-priver-de-proteines-des-millions-de-personnes-habitant-dans-les-forets","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019interdiction de la viande sauvage \u00e0 cause du COVID-19 pourrait priver de prot\u00e9ines des millions de personnes habitant dans les for\u00eats"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u2019est avec enthousiasme que les acteurs de la conservation ont salu\u00e9 les mesures \u00e9nergiques prises r\u00e9cemment par la Chine \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de la chasse des animaux sauvages et de leur consommation.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision du gouvernement chinois s\u2019est bas\u00e9e sur des th\u00e9ories<\/a> scientifiques selon lesquelles le COVID-19 s\u2019est transmis \u00e0 partir d\u2019un pangolin ou d\u2019une chauve-souris sur un march\u00e9 de la ville de Wuhan.<\/p>\n

Des mesures semblables visant la chasse des animaux sauvages et leur consommation avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9es pendant l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie d\u2019Ebola qui avait ravag\u00e9 l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest entre 2014 et 2016<\/a> \u00e0 la suite d\u2019un contact entre un animal et un humain. Les conservationnistes \u00e9taient alors d\u2019avis<\/a> que cette maladie aurait un effet b\u00e9n\u00e9fique sur la faune sauvage en raison de l\u2019arr\u00eat de la consommation par la population.<\/p>\n

En fait, la transmission de maladies des animaux aux \u00eatres humains n\u2019est pas nouvelle. Les animaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 le vecteur de plus de 60 % des maladies infectieuses, selon le Centre am\u00e9ricain de pr\u00e9vention et de lutte contre les maladies<\/a>, qui affirme aussi que trois maladies infectieuses \u00e9mergentes ou nouvelles sur quatre sont d\u2019origine zoonotique.<\/p>\n

Le Moyen \u00c2ge a souffert de terribles pand\u00e9mies dues \u00e0 la peste, qui \u00e9tait caus\u00e9e par la bact\u00e9rie Yersinia pestis<\/em> se trouvant sur les petits mammif\u00e8res et leurs puces. Appel\u00e9e la \u00ab peste noire \u00bb au 14e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, elle a entra\u00een\u00e9 la mort de plus de 50 millions de personnes en Europe<\/a>. Responsable de la pand\u00e9mie de 1918-1919<\/a>, le virus de la grippe espagnole, qui aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 transmis par des porcs, a tu\u00e9 40 millions de personnes dans le monde d\u2019apr\u00e8s les estimations.<\/p>\n

En passant souvent des animaux aux humains, les maladies deviennent beaucoup plus graves et peuvent d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rer en pand\u00e9mies lors de la transmission d\u2019un \u00eatre humain \u00e0 un autre.<\/p>\n

Et comment cela se produit-il ? Actuellement, c\u2019est la faune sauvage qui est point\u00e9e du doigt, mais souvenez-vous que, \u00e0 l\u2019instar de la grippe espagnole, certaines maladies les plus mortelles ont atteint l\u2019homme non pas par l\u2019entremise d\u2019animaux sauvages, mais domestiques. Par exemple, c\u2019est la volaille qui est \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la grippe aviaire et ce sont les rongeurs qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les vecteurs de la peste et propagent l\u2019hantavirus.<\/p>\n

D\u2019abord, la transmission peut se produire lorsque des humains entrent en contact avec des animaux sauvages dans des endroits o\u00f9 ils ne p\u00e9n\u00e9traient pas auparavant. En d\u2019autres termes, les \u00eatres humains se rendent sur les sites de r\u00e9servoirs de virus.<\/p>\n

Une \u00e9tude scientifique r\u00e9alis\u00e9e sur l\u2019Ebola<\/a> par une \u00e9quipe multidisciplinaire coordonn\u00e9e par le Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale<\/a> (CIFOR), l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Malaga<\/a> en Espagne et Manchester Metropolitan University<\/a> en Grande-Bretagne, portant sur l\u2019interaction entre la faune sauvage, les \u00eatres humains et les paysages naturels, d\u00e9montre que, dans une large mesure, le probl\u00e8me est li\u00e9 \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation et \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation de l\u2019habitat, qui provoquent des mutations environnementales favorisant la circulation de maladies entre animaux et humains.<\/p>\n\n

Dans une \u00e9tude plus r\u00e9cente, l\u2019\u00e9quipe a montr\u00e9 que lorsque les chauves-souris des for\u00eats tropicales humides d\u2019Afrique sont d\u00e9rang\u00e9es par des humains, les contacts se multiplient avec les personnes, ce qui entra\u00eene sans doute la propagation de l\u2019Ebola ou d\u2019autres maladies dont sont porteurs ces petits mammif\u00e8res<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Deuxi\u00e8mement, la transmission peut avoir lieu quand des humains rapportent les r\u00e9servoirs dans leurs milieux de vie habituels. Par exemple, des march\u00e9s aux animaux vivants ou m\u00eame des endroits o\u00f9 l\u2019on vend des animaux de compagnie (pensez \u00e0 la psittacose, appel\u00e9e aussi \u00ab fi\u00e8vre des perroquets \u00bb).<\/p>\n

Qu\u2019il soit l\u00e9gal ou ill\u00e9gal, le commerce mondial d\u2019animaux sauvages, qui atteint des milliards de dollars, est aussi responsable de la propagation d\u2019agents pathog\u00e8nes et de maladies infectieuses r\u00e9sultant du transport (l\u00e9gal ou ill\u00e9gal) des animaux<\/a> ou du fait de les vendre vivants sur des march\u00e9s dans des conditions effroyables.<\/p>\n

Ces deux m\u00e9canismes de transmission de maladies des animaux aux humains sont pratiquement universels, m\u00eame dans le cas de la pand\u00e9mie actuelle de coronavirus.<\/p>\n

Cependant, la solution au probl\u00e8me doit \u00eatre plus nuanc\u00e9e qu\u2019une interdiction totale \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle de la plan\u00e8te.<\/p>\n

Si l\u2019exemple de la Chine qui a interdit la chasse des animaux sauvages est suivi par d\u2019autres pays, des millions de personnes<\/a> (souvent dans les communaut\u00e9s rurales et autochtones les plus pauvres) ne pourront plus disposer de la seule source de prot\u00e9ines animales qui se trouve \u00e0 leur port\u00e9e, par la chasse ou le ramassage.<\/p>\n

Quand aucune autre prot\u00e9ine n\u2019est \u00e0 disposition, la consommation de viande sauvage est une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9, mais il faudrait l\u2019interdire s\u2019il existe des alternatives et si la motivation est l\u2019exploitation abusive de la faune sauvage. Bon nombre de consommateurs urbains consid\u00e8rent la viande sauvage comme un mets de luxe, tandis que d\u2019autres, ruraux ayant migr\u00e9 vers la ville, l\u2019ach\u00e8tent peut-\u00eatre en voulant continuer \u00e0 s\u2019alimenter de mani\u00e8re traditionnelle.<\/p>\n

Pour faire court : les pays devraient interdire la vente d\u2019animaux vivants, fermer les march\u00e9s o\u00f9 l\u2019on fait commerce d\u2019animaux vivants, mettre fin au trafic d\u2019animaux sauvages et stopper le commerce d\u2019animaux sauvages des for\u00eats vers les villes.<\/p>\n

Ainsi, nous permettrons la conservation de la faune sauvage dans son habitat sans emp\u00eacher les communaut\u00e9s d\u2019utiliser cette ressource. D\u2019apr\u00e8s la recherche scientifique, la viande sauvage n\u2019est pas l\u2019unique source de prot\u00e9ines animales pour les citadins, puisqu\u2019ils peuvent acheter d\u2019autres viandes pour un prix abordable.<\/p>\n

La relation \u00e9troite entre la consommation de viande sauvage, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et la r\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9 doit \u00eatre explor\u00e9e simultan\u00e9ment lorsqu\u2019on prend des d\u00e9cisions en se gardant de se fier \u00e0 des th\u00e8ses coloniales d\u00e9pass\u00e9es<\/a> sur la conservation qui favorisent la faune sauvage au d\u00e9triment des populations.<\/p>\n

Les communaut\u00e9s rurales et autochtones qui tirent leur apport en prot\u00e9ines de la consommation durable de viande sauvage souffrent d\u00e9j\u00e0 des effets d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res de la d\u00e9forestation, de l\u2019appauvrissement de la biodiversit\u00e9, du commerce l\u00e9gal et du trafic sur leur alimentation. \u00c9vitons d\u2019y rajouter le risque de malnutrition et de faim.<\/p>\n

De nombreuses for\u00eats tropicales sont confront\u00e9es au syndrome de \u00ab for\u00eat vide \u00bb, qui touche des massifs en bonne sant\u00e9, mais vid\u00e9s de leurs animaux de grande taille \u00e0 cause de la chasse intensive, des maladies, et des cons\u00e9quences du changement climatique, de la d\u00e9forestation et de la d\u00e9gradation des espaces forestiers.<\/p>\n

Pour agir sur l\u2019exploitation non durable en ces temps pr\u00e9occupants de transmission de maladies des animaux aux humains, des politiques publiques avis\u00e9es et adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 la situation locale doivent \u00eatre \u00e9labor\u00e9es et mises en \u0153uvre.<\/p>\n

Le CIFOR et ses partenaires du Programme de gestion durable de la faune sauvage<\/a> (qui sont l\u2019Organisation des Nations Unies pour l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019agriculture<\/a>, le Centre de coop\u00e9ration internationale en recherche agronomique pour le d\u00e9veloppement<\/a> (Cirad) et la Wildlife Conservation Society<\/a>) contribuent \u00e0 cet effort, avec le soutien financier de la Commission europ\u00e9enne, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la recherche et l’action, et \u00e0 des consultations ouvertes, et en travaillant avec les communaut\u00e9s pour apprendre comment prot\u00e9ger au mieux les moyens de subsistance et les traditions des ruraux et des habitants des for\u00eats, comme les paysages dont ils d\u00e9pendent.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u2019est avec enthousiasme que les acteurs de la conservation ont salu\u00e9 les mesures \u00e9nergiques prises r\u00e9cemment par la Chine \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de la chasse des animaux sauvages et de leur consommation. La d\u00e9cision du gouvernement chinois s\u2019est bas\u00e9e sur des th\u00e9ories scientifiques selon lesquelles le COVID-19 s\u2019est transmis \u00e0 partir d\u2019un pangolin ou d\u2019une chauve-souris […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":85,"featured_media":64930,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[9732,9730,3437,2354,3429,3430],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2965],"coauthors":[851,10220],"class_list":["post-64922","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","tag-francais-coronavirus","tag-francais-covid-19","tag-francais-ebola","tag-francais-nutrition","tag-francais-securite-alimentaire","tag-francais-viande-de-brousse","type-francais-chronique-du-dg"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019interdiction de la viande sauvage \u00e0 cause du COVID-19 pourrait priver de prot\u00e9ines des millions de personnes habitant dans les for\u00eats - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/64922\/linterdiction-de-la-viande-sauvage-a-cause-du-covid-19-pourrait-priver-de-proteines-des-millions-de-personnes-habitant-dans-les-forets\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019interdiction de la viande sauvage \u00e0 cause du COVID-19 pourrait priver de prot\u00e9ines des millions de personnes habitant dans les for\u00eats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"C\u2019est avec enthousiasme que les acteurs de la conservation ont salu\u00e9 les mesures \u00e9nergiques prises r\u00e9cemment par la Chine \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de la chasse des animaux sauvages et de leur consommation. La d\u00e9cision du gouvernement chinois s\u2019est bas\u00e9e sur des th\u00e9ories scientifiques selon lesquelles le COVID-19 s\u2019est transmis \u00e0 partir d\u2019un pangolin ou d\u2019une chauve-souris […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/64922\/linterdiction-de-la-viande-sauvage-a-cause-du-covid-19-pourrait-priver-de-proteines-des-millions-de-personnes-habitant-dans-les-forets\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-03-31T13:57:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-12-07T04:49:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/36643437322_61aa44fff6_k-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1365\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Robert Nasi, Julia E. 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