{"id":62201,"date":"2019-09-28T22:04:32","date_gmt":"2019-09-28T15:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=62201"},"modified":"2019-09-29T02:42:05","modified_gmt":"2019-09-28T19:42:05","slug":"la-course-pour-sauver-le-bois-de-rose","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/62201\/la-course-pour-sauver-le-bois-de-rose","title":{"rendered":"Une \u00e9tape en plus pour sauver le bois de rose"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vendue pendant des ann\u00e9es dans l\u2019ombre du commerce ill\u00e9gal, une essence africaine appel\u00e9e localement mukula<\/em> se retrouve maintenant sous le feu des projecteurs du monde entier.<\/p>\n

La Convention sur le commerce international des esp\u00e8ces de faune et de flore sauvages menac\u00e9es d\u2019extinction (CITES) a pris la d\u00e9cision<\/a> d\u2019inscrire le Pterocarpus tinctorius <\/em>\u00e0 son Annexe II, ce qui va mettre des b\u00e2tons dans les roues des trafiquants qui exploitent une esp\u00e8ce extr\u00eamement fragile.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aux nombreux lecteurs qui sont pr\u00e9occup\u00e9s par la d\u00e9gradation de l\u2019environnement caus\u00e9e par une consommation d\u00e9brid\u00e9e, les noms de Pterocarpus erinaceus<\/em> et P. tinctorius<\/em> ne diront pas grand-chose. Sauf peut-\u00eatre s\u2019ils ont r\u00e9cemment visit\u00e9 des for\u00eats s\u00e8ches en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest ou australe, ou s\u2019ils en ont vu des photos.<\/p>\n

Dans ce cas, ils savent certainement qu\u2019il s\u2019agit des noms scientifiques d\u2019arbres tr\u00e8s \u00e9l\u00e9gants qui poussent dans les r\u00e9gions bois\u00e9es de type miombo de ce continent, et commercialis\u00e9s dans le monde sous l\u2019appellation \u00ab bois de rose \u00bb. Les consommateurs l\u2019ach\u00e8tent pour sa r\u00e9sistance et ses magnifiques couleurs.<\/p>\n

Pourtant, le terme bois de rose ne dit pas grand-chose \u00e0 un forestier. C\u2019est comme si vous invitiez des amis italiens pour d\u00e9guster un plat de p\u00e2tes sans leur en indiquer tous les d\u00e9tails, la marque, le type, la forme et la sauce. De m\u00eame, le terme bois de rose regroupe des dizaines d\u2019essences qui r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 certains crit\u00e8res, et la liste s\u2019allonge selon les \u2018d\u00e9couvertes\u2019 des commer\u00e7ants.<\/p>\n

Contrairement \u00e0 vos amis italiens cependant, la majorit\u00e9 des consommateurs dans le monde semblent captiv\u00e9s seulement par le nom et ils ne pensent pas \u00e0 demander des renseignements suppl\u00e9mentaires aux marchands. Quelle esp\u00e8ce d\u2019arbre a-t-on utilis\u00e9e pour fabriquer ce meuble qui se vend tr\u00e8s cher ? O\u00f9 pousse cet arbre ? A-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 coup\u00e9 dans la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 et son exploitation est-elle durable ?<\/p>\n\n

C\u2019est l\u00e0 que la d\u00e9nomination a son importance.<\/span><\/p>\n

En 2013-2014, en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, on s\u2019est aper\u00e7u que de grandes quantit\u00e9s de P. erinaceous<\/em> (que les commer\u00e7ants appellent souvent \u00ab kosso \u00bb) \u00e9taient r\u00e9colt\u00e9es pour \u00eatre exp\u00e9di\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, loin du continent. Face \u00e0 cette situation inqui\u00e9tante, les rangs de ceux qui se sont alarm\u00e9s ont grandi de jour en jour. Cela n\u2019a pas manqu\u00e9 d\u2019attirer l\u2019attention au niveau r\u00e9gional, puis international, les m\u00e9dias et les ONG environnementales ont relay\u00e9 le message et, en 2016, la CITES inscrivait cette esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 son Annexe II \u00e0 la demande du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.<\/p>\n

Quelques mois plus tard, mon \u00e9quipe et moi-m\u00eame nous trouvions en Zambie pour \u00e9tudier le commerce de bois et nous \u00e9tions surpris de voir l\u2019exportation fr\u00e9n\u00e9tique d\u2019un arbre apparent\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019esp\u00e8ce P. erinaceous<\/em> : P. tinctorius<\/em>, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le \u00ab mukula \u00bb. Nous avons \u00e9t\u00e9 si effar\u00e9s de la vitesse \u00e0 laquelle ces arbres disparaissaient des for\u00eats situ\u00e9es \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re entre la Zambie et la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC) que nous avons utilis\u00e9 divers moyens pour tirer la sonnette d\u2019alarme (un blog, un rapport complet, un Infobrief et m\u00eame une vid\u00e9o).<\/p>\n

Relevant courageusement le d\u00e9fi, le Malawi a propos\u00e9 d\u2019inscrire le mukula sur la liste de l\u2019Annexe II, comme le kosso, en bien argumentant son dossier. Cette proposition a \u00e9t\u00e9 approuv\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019unanimit\u00e9 par toutes les parties de la CITES.<\/p>\n

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Dans le Nord de la Zambie, les for\u00eats miombo font l\u2019objet d\u2019un certain nombre de grands investissements dans les biocarburants.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

Sous les yeux du contr\u00f4leur<\/h3>\n

D\u00e8s l\u2019entr\u00e9e en vigueur de cette d\u00e9cision en novembre 2019, les commer\u00e7ants et les importateurs devront disposer d\u2019un permis CITES prouvant que les mukula ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9colt\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re durable. Cela s\u2019applique \u00e0 tous les pays exportateurs de mukula \u2013 appel\u00e9s \u00ab pays de l\u2019aire de r\u00e9partition \u00bb \u2013 notamment \u00e0 l\u2019Angola, au Burundi, \u00e0 la RDC, au Malawi, au Mozambique, \u00e0 la Tanzanie et \u00e0 la Zambie, et \u00e0 tous ceux qui en importent.<\/p>\n

Comme dans le cas du kosso, le nombre de documents \u00e0 remplir, le suivi et les v\u00e9rifications d\u00e9sormais exig\u00e9s pour le commerce du mukula seront \u00e0 eux seuls dissuasifs. De plus, le Comit\u00e9 pour les plantes de la CITES r\u00e9alisera des contr\u00f4les r\u00e9guliers afin de d\u00e9celer toute anomalie dans les \u00e9changes commerciaux, et le Centre mondial de surveillance de la conservation de la nature du PNUE est en train de mettre en place une base de donn\u00e9es sur le P. tinctorius<\/em> pour assurer une surveillance et rep\u00e9rer toute activit\u00e9 suspecte.<\/p>\n

Nous aurons les trafiquants \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153il et ils auront bien du mal \u00e0 se cacher. Mais tant que la demande sera forte, ils seront toujours tent\u00e9s de vendre du kosso, du mukula ou toute autre esp\u00e8ce pouvant \u00eatre commercialis\u00e9e sous l\u2019appellation \u00ab bois de rose \u00bb.<\/p>\n

L\u2019inscription \u00e0 l\u2019Annexe II de la CITES est une excellente nouvelle, mais il ne faut pas baisser les bras maintenant. Nous devons intensifier la lutte pour court-circuiter le march\u00e9, parce que la demande reste croissante.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 l\u2019instar de celui du kosso en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, le trafic de mukula est organis\u00e9 sur le mod\u00e8le \u00ab couper et s\u2019\u00e9chapper \u00bb. Les trafiquants recherchent les arbres, les abattent, les \u00e9corcent (ou, dans la plupart des cas, demandent aux populations locales d\u2019effectuer cette besogne pour un prix d\u00e9risoire), puis vendent le bois aux exportateurs. Apr\u00e8s avoir empoch\u00e9 des profits \u00e9normes, ils repartent ensuite en qu\u00eate d\u2019autres arbres \u00e0 couper.<\/p>\n

Ceci, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que ce type de bois soit presque \u00e9puis\u00e9. Dans ce cas, les trafiquants cherchent simplement une autre essence, de couleur rouge brun, pouvant \u00eatre vendue comme bois de rose, et le processus recommence. Le kosso a disparu au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal ? Allons couper du mukula en Afrique australe. Il n\u2019y a plus de mukula en Zambie ? Allons voir ce que le Malawi peut nous offrir. Et ainsi de suite.<\/p>\n

Aucune fronti\u00e8re, aucune loi nationale ne semblent pouvoir arr\u00eater les commer\u00e7ants avant qu\u2019une d\u00e9gradation irr\u00e9versible de l\u2019environnement ait lieu. Des dispositions sont adopt\u00e9es pour interdire ces pratiques, des camions et des conteneurs sont saisis, parfois un contrevenant est arr\u00eat\u00e9. Cependant, en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, ces trafiquants parviennent \u00e0 \u00e9chapper aux mesures prises dans un pays en traversant la fronti\u00e8re pour s\u2019\u00e9clipser \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. Ou ils trouvent simplement une autre essence \u00ab de remplacement \u00bb qui n\u2019est pas frapp\u00e9e d\u2019interdiction, et retournent man\u0153uvrer dans l\u2019ombre.<\/p>\n

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Pour pr\u00e9venir son extinction, le mukula a \u00e9t\u00e9 inscrit sur la liste de la CITES.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

Il faut redoubler d’efforts<\/h3>\n

La CITES n\u2019est pas notre seul moyen, et nous ne pouvons pas nous attendre a qu\u2019elle r\u00e9solve l\u2019int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 des probl\u00e8mes g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par un trafic de bois op\u00e9rant selon des principes non durables. Les pays producteurs comme les pays importateurs ont leur part de responsabilit\u00e9, mais les enjeux diplomatiques ou la crainte de perdre une source importante de revenus sont de s\u00e9rieux freins sur le chemin qui va des promesses claironn\u00e9es haut et fort aux v\u00e9ritables actes dissuasifs.<\/p>\n

D\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019importance de l\u2019action de la CITES. Si cette convention internationale veut rester \u00e0 la pointe du combat contre ce trafic ill\u00e9gal, elle doit faire preuve d\u2019anticipation et avoir un rayon d\u2019action le plus large possible. Nous ne connaissons pas le genre Pterocarpus<\/em> aussi bien qu\u2019il le faudrait. Il se peut qu\u2019il existent plusieurs esp\u00e8ces qui se ressemblent, et les trafiquants sont ma\u00eetres dans l\u2019art de toutes les exploiter, au m\u00e9pris des lois en vigueur dans chaque pays et des leurs fronti\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Donc pourquoi ne pas viser une inscription \u00e0 l\u2019Annexe II du genre entier, avec les r\u00e9serves n\u00e9cessaires \u00e9mises par les botanistes ? Apr\u00e8s tout, il ne s\u2019agit rien de plus que de l\u2019application \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire du principe de pr\u00e9caution : nous connaissons mal ces esp\u00e8ces, alors tentons de les conserver avant d\u2019en savoir davantage.<\/p>\n

La prochaine conf\u00e9rence des parties de la CITES se tiendra au Costa Rica en 2022. Le temps presse ! Mobilisons-nous sans plus tarder pour que le genre Pterocarpus<\/em> soit mis en Annexe II.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vendue pendant des ann\u00e9es dans l\u2019ombre du commerce ill\u00e9gal, une essence africaine appel\u00e9e localement mukula se retrouve maintenant sous le feu des projecteurs du monde entier. La Convention sur le commerce international des esp\u00e8ces de faune et de flore sauvages menac\u00e9es d\u2019extinction (CITES) a pris la d\u00e9cision d\u2019inscrire le Pterocarpus tinctorius \u00e0 son Annexe II, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":140,"featured_media":62207,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3160,3110,12369,7670,5579,5647,5581,9472,9410,9471,7765,5654,3540],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3001,2999],"coauthors":[1561],"class_list":["post-62201","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","tag-francais-afrique","tag-francais-biodiversite","tag-francais-bois-doeuvre","tag-francais-bois-de-rose","tag-francais-cites","tag-francais-commerce-du-bois","tag-francais-commerce-international","tag-francais-droit-international","tag-francais-exploitation-forestiere","tag-francais-mukula","tag-francais-rdc","tag-francais-republique-democratique-du-congo","tag-francais-zambie","type-francais-a-la-une","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUne \u00e9tape en plus pour sauver le bois de rose - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/62201\/la-course-pour-sauver-le-bois-de-rose\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Une \u00e9tape en plus pour sauver le bois de rose\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Vendue pendant des ann\u00e9es dans l\u2019ombre du commerce ill\u00e9gal, une essence africaine appel\u00e9e localement mukula se retrouve maintenant sous le feu des projecteurs du monde entier. 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