{"id":61514,"date":"2019-07-15T12:27:42","date_gmt":"2019-07-15T05:27:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=61514"},"modified":"2019-07-13T20:21:22","modified_gmt":"2019-07-13T13:21:22","slug":"bassin-du-congo-dechiffrer-le-passe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/61514\/bassin-du-congo-dechiffrer-le-passe","title":{"rendered":"Bassin du Congo : D\u00e9chiffrer le pass\u00e9 pour pr\u00e9dire l’avenir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les chercheurs congolais Chadrack Kafuti et Nestor Luambua savent comment faire pour entrer dans la for\u00eat tropicale la moins connue du monde. En respirant l’air chaud et humide, les bottes en plastique leur permettent de traverser les cours d’eau et d’\u00e9viter le mamba vert, un serpent tr\u00e8s venimeux; un bonnet de laine emp\u00eache les essaims de mouches d’entrer dans les oreilles, les yeux et la bouche; et un casque de travail jaune les prot\u00e8ge des fruits m\u00fbrs et des branches pourries.<\/p>\n

Et ce ne sont que des inconv\u00e9nients mineurs. Jusqu’\u00e0 r\u00e9cemment, les scientifiques qui \u00e9tudiaient des arbres dans le bassin du Congo devaient emballer leurs \u00e9chantillons de bois et les emmener en Europe ou ailleurs pour les analyser. \u00ab Imaginez devoir transporter 30 tranches de 10 kg de tronc d’arbre de la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC) jusqu’en Belgique \u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 C. Kafuti, doctorant \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Gand<\/a> et au Mus\u00e9e royal de l’Afrique centrale<\/a> (MRAC) en Belgique.<\/p>\n

Heureusement pour C. Kafuti et ses coll\u00e8gues, la station de recherche de Yangambi dans le nord de la RDC vient d’ouvrir le premier laboratoire de biologie du bois<\/a> en Afrique subsaharienne. Une installation ultramoderne qui permettra aux chercheurs de mieux comprendre comment les arbres du Bassin du Congo poussent et fonctionnent, et comment ils ont r\u00e9agi aux impacts humains et aux perturbations naturelles du pass\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Ces connaissances sont essentielles \u00e0 la gestion durable des for\u00eats et \u00e0 la pr\u00e9vision de leur r\u00f4le pour att\u00e9nuer les effets du changement climatique et s\u2019y adapter \u00bb, d\u00e9clare Hans Beeckman, chef du service de biologie du bois du MRAC et l\u2019un des promoteurs du laboratoire, dirig\u00e9 par Institut national d\u2019\u00e9tudes et de recherches agronomiques (INERA).<\/p>\n

La deuxi\u00e8me plus grande for\u00eat tropicale du monde, le bassin du Congo, abrite environ 10 000 esp\u00e8ces de plantes et joue un r\u00f4le crucial dans les moyens de subsistance, stockant le carbone et r\u00e9gulant le climat mondial. Elle est bien mieux pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e que l\u2019Amazonie et les for\u00eats tropicales indon\u00e9siennes, mais elle est \u00e9galement beaucoup moins \u00e9tudi\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Environ 60 % des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo se trouvent en RDC, ce qui signifie que nous avons un besoin urgent d\u2019experts forestiers bien form\u00e9s pour mieux les comprendre, les prot\u00e9ger et les g\u00e9rer \u00bb, note N. Luambua, doctorant \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Kisangani (UNIKIS).<\/p>\n

C\u2019est une situation \u00e0 laquelle le nouveau laboratoire souhaite rem\u00e9dier, avec l\u2019aide du Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale<\/a> (CIFOR) et du projet FORETS<\/a> (Formation, Recherche et Environnement dans la Tshopo). Cette initiative, financ\u00e9e par l’Union europ\u00e9enne, vise \u00e0 faire de Yangambi un lieu de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour la recherche sur les for\u00eats tropicales et la gestion des paysages. Soutenir les \u00e9tudiants de troisi\u00e8me cycle tels que N. Luambua et C. Kafuti et am\u00e9liorer les installations de recherche fait partie de cet effort.<\/p>\n

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Tr\u00e9sor Bolaya Bokutu, technicien local, pr\u00e9pare des \u00e9chantillons de bois.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

FORMATION DE SCIENTIFIQUES LOCAUX<\/h4>\n

Le laboratoire de biologie du bois sera ouvert et accessible aux employ\u00e9s de l’INERA, aux chercheurs externes ayant un int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 long terme pour la RDC et aux \u00e9tudiants en ma\u00eetrise et au doctorat de l’UNIKIS. Kisangani, la troisi\u00e8me plus grande ville de la RDC, se trouve \u00e0 90 km du laboratoire, juste avant une zone de rapides de 100 km qui coupe la navigation dans la principale route fluviale de la RDC.<\/p>\n

Pour M\u00e9lissa Rosseau, la collaboratrice scientifique du MRAC en charge de l\u2019installation, le laboratoire vise \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper le talent des chercheurs locaux et \u00e0 faciliter les \u00e9changes avec des experts d\u2019autres pays africains et du monde. \u00ab La RDC partage les d\u00e9fis li\u00e9s aux for\u00eats et \u00e0 la gestion durable avec d’autres pays du bassin du Congo tels que le Cameroun et le Gabon. Donc, leurs scientifiques peuvent apprendre beaucoup les uns des autres \u00bb, explique-t-elle.<\/p>\n

En 2005, seuls six dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s de troisi\u00e8me cycle travaillaient comme chercheurs forestiers en RDC. le CIFOR et l’UNIKIS ont depuis form\u00e9 220 \u00e9tudiants en master et en doctorat, une nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration d\u2019experts forestiers congolais qui seront d\u00e9sormais en mesure de mener des recherches de calibre mondial juste \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la for\u00eat tropicale.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Je connais de nombreux chercheurs congolais qui souhaitaient mener des \u00e9tudes tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressantes sur l’anatomie du bois, mais ont d\u00fb abandonner car il n’y avait pas d’\u00e9quipement adapt\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion \u00bb, d\u00e9clare C. Kafuti. Il pense que le laboratoire, dot\u00e9 de microscopes haut de gamme et d’outils pour la datation au radiocarbone, permettra aux scientifiques africains de poursuivre leurs \u00e9tudes et de guider la gestion durable des for\u00eats.<\/p>\n

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M\u00e9lissa Rousseau forme les \u00e9tudiants Chalay Azenge Bokoy et Muyisa Mbusa Wasukundi.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

UTILISATION SUR LE TERRAIN<\/h4>\n

L’\u00e9tude de la biologie du bois a plusieurs applications importantes et r\u00e9elles, \u00e0 commencer par la gestion des essences d’arbres ayant une valeur commerciale. \u00ab Il est par exemple essentiel de conna\u00eetre l\u2019\u00e2ge et les sch\u00e9mas de croissance des arbres pour d\u00e9terminer la quantit\u00e9 de bois que nous pouvons extraire d\u2019une for\u00eat et le moment, sans mettre en p\u00e9ril la survie de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce \u00bb, explique H. Beeckman du MRAC.<\/p>\n

En effet, l’un des principaux d\u00e9fis pour les pays du bassin du Congo est de d\u00e9velopper leurs propres approches sylvicoles modernes – des strat\u00e9gies de gestion des for\u00eats et des plantations d’arbres afin de pouvoir continuer \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux besoins des populations, de la biodiversit\u00e9 et du climat pour les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\n

C. Kafuti et N. Luambua sont en train de mener certaines des premi\u00e8res \u00e9tudes mondiales sur la r\u00e9action des arbres feuillus tels que l’Afrormosia<\/a> (\u00abPericopsis elata\u00bb), la deuxi\u00e8me esp\u00e8ce la plus export\u00e9e de RDC, face au changement climatique. Leurs \u00e9tudes seront facilit\u00e9es par la pr\u00e9sence locale du laboratoire de biologie du bois<\/p>\n

\u00c0 l’avenir, l’installation pourrait \u00e9galement contribuer \u00e0 lutter contre l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l’identification du bois. C’est-\u00e0-dire, d\u00e9terminer les esp\u00e8ces d\u2019arbres r\u00e9colt\u00e9s \u00e0 la demande des autorit\u00e9s locales ou de la Convention sur le commerce international des esp\u00e8ces de faune et de flore sauvages menac\u00e9es d\u2019extinction<\/a> (CITES).<\/p>\n

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Le laboratoire de biologie du bois de Yangambi est situ\u00e9 \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la for\u00eat tropicale.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

VERS LA DURABILIT\u00c9<\/h4>\n

Les for\u00eats du bassin du Congo fournissent des moyens de subsistance et des services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques \u00e0 60 millions de personnes, mais elles sont menac\u00e9es par la croissance d\u00e9mographique, l’agriculture sur br\u00fblis et la r\u00e9colte de bois de chauffe.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9forestation due \u00e0 l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re non durable, \u00e0 l’exploitation mini\u00e8re et au commerce ill\u00e9gal d’esp\u00e8ces de plantes et d’animaux est exacerb\u00e9e par la mauvaise gouvernance et le manque d’opportunit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques pour les communaut\u00e9s locales.<\/p>\n

Dans les profondeurs de la r\u00e9serve de la biosph\u00e8re de Yangambi, N. Luambua traverse une des plus grandes zones de for\u00eat tropicale non perturb\u00e9e de la plan\u00e8te. Ayant inventori\u00e9 des arbres dans une zone de la taille de 300 terrains de football, il conna\u00eet chaque recoin et est confiant de pouvoir se frayer un chemin dans la nature.<\/p>\n

De m\u00eame, N. Luambua et d’autres chercheurs sont convaincus qu’il est possible de changer l’exploitation non durable des for\u00eats d’Afrique centrale. La recherche, l’\u00e9ducation et le d\u00e9veloppement de moyens de subsistance alternatifs ont tous un r\u00f4le \u00e0 jouer.<\/p>\n

M. Rousseau du MRAC est d’accord : \u00ab le laboratoire de biologie du bois est la premi\u00e8re pierre de l\u2019\u00e9difice, mais c\u2019est pi\u00e8ce par pi\u00e8ce que m\u00eame les plus grandes constructions prennent forme. \u00bb<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les chercheurs congolais Chadrack Kafuti et Nestor Luambua savent comment faire pour entrer dans la for\u00eat tropicale la moins connue du monde. En respirant l’air chaud et humide, les bottes en plastique leur permettent de traverser les cours d’eau et d’\u00e9viter le mamba vert, un serpent tr\u00e8s venimeux; un bonnet de laine emp\u00eache les essaims […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":265,"featured_media":61515,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[8541,2998,8544,5579,2335,8012,12367,7765,9165,9164,5654,7785,5897,8542,8011,7784],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3050,3010],"coauthors":[7135],"class_list":["post-61514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","tag-francais-afrormosia","tag-francais-bassin-du-congo","tag-francais-biologie-du-bois","tag-francais-cites","tag-francais-forets","tag-francais-formation","tag-francais-musee-royal-de-lafrique-centrale","tag-francais-rdc","tag-francais-recherche","tag-francais-renforcement-des-capacites","tag-francais-republique-democratique-du-congo","tag-francais-tshopo","tag-francais-union-europeenne","tag-francais-universite-de-gand","tag-francais-universite-de-kisangani","tag-francais-yangambi","type-francais-a-partager","type-francais-photo-reportage"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBassin du Congo : D\u00e9chiffrer le pass\u00e9 pour pr\u00e9dire l'avenir - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/61514\/bassin-du-congo-dechiffrer-le-passe\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bassin du Congo : D\u00e9chiffrer le pass\u00e9 pour pr\u00e9dire l'avenir\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les chercheurs congolais Chadrack Kafuti et Nestor Luambua savent comment faire pour entrer dans la for\u00eat tropicale la moins connue du monde. 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