{"id":58950,"date":"2018-12-06T20:12:51","date_gmt":"2018-12-06T13:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=58950"},"modified":"2019-01-24T17:00:18","modified_gmt":"2019-01-24T10:00:18","slug":"wild-meat-for-today-and-tomorrow-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/58950\/wild-meat-for-today-and-tomorrow-2","title":{"rendered":"De la viande de brousse pour aujourd\u2019hui et demain"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dans le monde entier, la viande des animaux sauvages est appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e pour diverses raisons. Elle constitue la principale source de prot\u00e9ines dans les communaut\u00e9s rurales \u00e9loign\u00e9es de tout, qui se rabattent aussi sur cette viande en cas de difficult\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques comme de mauvaises r\u00e9coltes. Mais c\u2019est \u00e9galement un mets de choix tr\u00e8s pris\u00e9 des citadins, et m\u00eame une denr\u00e9e de luxe qui fait l\u2019objet d\u2019un trafic vers les march\u00e9s internationaux et, enfin, un facteur de poids dans l\u2019appauvrissement de la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Face \u00e0 la croissance d\u00e9mographique et \u00e0 l\u2019essor de la demande, la question est de trouver des strat\u00e9gies de gestion durable qui soient satisfaisantes \u00e0 la fois pour les populations et pour la faune sauvage. En r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 un appel lanc\u00e9 par le Secr\u00e9tariat de la Convention sur la diversit\u00e9 biologique<\/a> (CDB), les chercheurs du Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale (CIFOR) et de ses partenaires ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 les connaissances disponibles sur l\u2019utilisation de la viande de brousse dans les r\u00e9gions tropicales et subtropicales. Ils en ont d\u00e9gag\u00e9 des strat\u00e9gies cl\u00e9s en vue d\u2019am\u00e9liorer sa durabilit\u00e9. Et cette \u00e9tude a d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 sur une publication commune CDB-CIFOR<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Les animaux sauvages chass\u00e9s pour leur viande vont des petites chenilles aux grands \u00e9l\u00e9phants. Cependant, dans la plupart des habitats tropicaux et subtropicaux, ce sont les mammif\u00e8res sauvages qui repr\u00e9sentent la majeure partie de la viande de brousse consomm\u00e9e. Dans les for\u00eats du bassin du Congo, par exemple, plus de 10 millions de tonnes de viande de mammif\u00e8res sauvages sont extraits tous les ans, r\u00e9v\u00e8le l\u2019un des coauteurs, le Professeur John Fa, associ\u00e9 senior et coordinateur de l\u2019Initiative de recherche sur la viande de brousse<\/a> au CIFOR.<\/p>\n\n

Les populations autochtones chassent traditionnellement pour se nourrir \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019outils fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 la main, comme des sarbacanes, mais la demande de viande de brousse dans les centres urbains, ainsi que l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des armes \u00e0 feu, a conduit \u00e0 une surexploitation de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces qui vivent en for\u00eat.<\/p>\n

La disparition de la faune sauvage dans les r\u00e9gions bois\u00e9es tropicales et subtropicales menace non seulement l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des for\u00eats elles-m\u00eames, mais, ce qui est tout aussi grave, elle met aussi en danger les moyens de subsistance et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire de certaines populations rurales tr\u00e8s vuln\u00e9rables qui d\u00e9pendent de la viande de brousse.<\/p>\n

\u00ab L\u2019approvisionnement de ces march\u00e9s qui se d\u00e9veloppent est favoris\u00e9 par les progr\u00e8s des technologies de chasse, ainsi que par un acc\u00e8s plus facile \u00e0 un habitat auparavant imp\u00e9n\u00e9trable, dont profitent les chasseurs professionnels, par l\u2019am\u00e9lioration des moyens de transport et de l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux march\u00e9s \u00bb, observent les chercheurs. Dans certaines zones, l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux march\u00e9s est li\u00e9e au d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019agriculture et des industries extractives : exploitation foresti\u00e8re, mini\u00e8re et p\u00e9troli\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

CHANGER D\u2019\u00c9CHELLE POUR UN PLUS GRAND RAYON D\u2019ACTION<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les auteurs de ce rapport pr\u00e9sentent des arguments \u00e0 l\u2019appui d\u2019une gestion plus durable de la faune sauvage tropicale, qui est possible. Cependant, transformer cette id\u00e9e en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 n\u2019est pas t\u00e2che ais\u00e9e et il faudra changer les mentalit\u00e9s et les comportements, affirme l\u2019une des auteures et associ\u00e9e du CIFOR, Lauren Coad.<\/p>\n

La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape est d\u2019adopter une approche plus holistique de ce probl\u00e8me qui touche divers secteurs, avec des acteurs en jeu \u00e0 divers niveaux, et qui repose sur des motivations extr\u00eamement diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n

\u00ab La viande de brousse est un probl\u00e8me transsectoriel qui englobe entre autres l\u2019\u00e9conomie, la sant\u00e9, les infrastructures et l\u2019agriculture, et doit par cons\u00e9quent \u00eatre prise en compte dans l\u2019am\u00e9nagement du territoire et la planification des ressources nationales \u00bb, affirme L. Coad. Cela exige un effort de collaboration entre les minist\u00e8res qui s\u2019occupent des for\u00eats et de l\u2019agriculture, mais aussi des affaires sociales, de la p\u00eache, des mines et des infrastructures.<\/p>\n

Dans le m\u00eame esprit, les chercheurs signalent qu\u2019il est n\u00e9cessaire \u00ab d\u2019arr\u00eater les petites interventions isol\u00e9es dot\u00e9es d\u2019un financement \u00e0 court terme pour imaginer des actions orchestr\u00e9es dans un sch\u00e9ma d\u2019ensemble sur une vaste zone, pour cibler \u00e0 la fois la gestion de l\u2019approvisionnement rural et la r\u00e9duction de la demande urbaine, dans l\u2019optique de la durabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme des projets \u00bb.<\/p>\n

La gestion durable ne pourra \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e qu\u2019en agissant tout au long de la cha\u00eene de valeur, des communaut\u00e9s de chasseurs au niveau local aux consommateurs urbains et \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, indique ce rapport.<\/p>\n

L\u2019autre point important est l\u2019approche de ce probl\u00e8me. Pour les auteurs, il ne s\u2019agit pas de s\u2019attaquer soit \u00e0 la menace des moyens de subsistance, de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et des valeurs culturelles, soit \u00e0 la menace de la biodiversit\u00e9, mais plut\u00f4t de fusionner ces deux points de vue pour assurer la qualit\u00e9 de vie des humains et la sauvegarde de la faune sauvage.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Il est possible de parvenir \u00e0 la chasse durable des esp\u00e8ces qui se reproduisent rapidement, en compl\u00e9tant si n\u00e9cessaire ce r\u00e9gime par de la viande d\u2019animaux d\u2019\u00e9levage, tout en prot\u00e9geant les animaux menac\u00e9s \u00bb, font savoir les chercheurs. \u00ab Les d\u00e9marches qui ne privil\u00e9gient que des buts \u00e9cologiques ou socio\u00e9conomiques courent le risque d\u2019\u00e9chouer \u00e0 long terme \u00bb.<\/p>\n

UNE MEILLEURE GOUVERNANCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les strat\u00e9gies d\u2019une gestion efficace doivent garantir la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 de l\u2019approvisionnement en viande de brousse tout en r\u00e9duisant la demande excessive, particuli\u00e8rement dans les centres urbains. Elles doivent s\u2019accompagner de r\u00e9glementations ad\u00e9quates et de moyens et de ressources pour les appliquer.<\/p>\n

Dans de nombreux pays, les r\u00e9glementations sur la chasse sont sujettes \u00e0 diverses interpr\u00e9tations et sont d\u00e9connect\u00e9es du contexte et des besoins au niveau local, ce qui fait qu\u2019il est difficile pour les communaut\u00e9s de pratiquer une chasse durable et de vendre la viande de brousse l\u00e9galement, rapporte l\u2019\u00e9tude.<\/p>\n

Les communaut\u00e9s autochtones et locales disposant rarement de droits fonciers et de droits de gestion, il leur est d\u2019autant plus difficile d\u2019assurer l\u2019intendance du paysage.<\/p>\n

La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape essentielle est la r\u00e9vision, dans les pays, des lois sur la chasse, des r\u00e9gimes fonciers et des modes de gouvernance avec un grand nombre d\u2019acteurs, notamment les repr\u00e9sentants des communaut\u00e9s locales, en ayant pour objectif la gestion durable plut\u00f4t qu\u2019uniquement la conservation de la faune sauvage.<\/p>\n

Par exemple, les \u00c9tats et les agences de d\u00e9veloppement doivent travailler sur des alternatives viables d\u2019approvisionnement alimentaire pour les nouvelles zones urbanis\u00e9es, d\u00e9clarent les chercheurs. Il s\u2019agit souvent de villes provinciales qui se d\u00e9veloppent pr\u00e8s des lieux o\u00f9 l\u2019on trouve de la viande de brousse, mais o\u00f9 l\u2019\u00e9levage du b\u00e9tail d\u00e9marre \u00e0 peine et ne r\u00e9pond pas \u00e0 la demande en prot\u00e9ines animales.<\/p>\n

Si l\u2019on veut \u00e9laborer des politiques plus adapt\u00e9es et les appliquer, il faudra une volont\u00e9 politique, des ressources financi\u00e8res et du personnel bien form\u00e9, mais aussi davantage de donn\u00e9es et des donn\u00e9es de meilleure qualit\u00e9. C\u2019est la raison pour laquelle cette \u00e9tude demande une r\u00e9orientation des recherches, afin de passer de la description de l\u2019utilisation actuelle [de la viande de brousse] \u00e0 des travaux qui permettent d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les pratiques de gestion.<\/p>\n

Cela implique de mieux conna\u00eetre la r\u00e9ponse des consommateurs urbains \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9volution des prix et de la disponibilit\u00e9 de la viande de brousse et de ses substituts, comme l’impact des campagnes destin\u00e9es \u00e0 faire changer le comportement des consommateurs et \u00e0 tester des mod\u00e8les en vue de fixer des quotas durables pour la chasse des esp\u00e8ces r\u00e9silientes.<\/p>\n

Cette \u00e9tude est le recueil le plus complet de connaissances qui existent sur le sujet \u00e0 ce jour et elle propose des lignes directrices claires sur les moyens qui permettraient la durabilit\u00e9 du secteur de la viande de brousse \u00e0 long terme.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Comme ce document est disponible gratuitement, nous esp\u00e9rons que cette \u00e9tude deviendra une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour de nombreux gestionnaires de faune et de nombreux \u00c9tats qui g\u00e8rent leurs ressources naturelles \u00bb, indique J. Fa. Avec de la volont\u00e9 politique, des ressources ad\u00e9quates et des conseils techniques avis\u00e9s, les pays peuvent prendre des mesures pour garantir la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 de la viande de brousse \u2013 et de la faune sauvage \u2013 de demain.<\/p>\n

Ce rapport a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9par\u00e9 en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 un appel de la Convention sur la diversit\u00e9 biologique (CDB) et a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 soutenu par l’Agence des \u00c9tats-Unis pour le d\u00e9veloppement international (USAID). <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dans le monde entier, la viande des animaux sauvages est appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e pour diverses raisons. Elle constitue la principale source de prot\u00e9ines dans les communaut\u00e9s rurales \u00e9loign\u00e9es de tout, qui se rabattent aussi sur cette viande en cas de difficult\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques comme de mauvaises r\u00e9coltes. Mais c\u2019est \u00e9galement un mets de choix tr\u00e8s pris\u00e9 des citadins, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":265,"featured_media":58951,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[188,6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[2962,6261,8042,3430,8186],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3001],"coauthors":[7135],"class_list":["post-58950","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food-and-diets","category-forests-news","language-francais","tag-francais-conservation","tag-francais-faune","tag-francais-faune-sauvage","tag-francais-viande-de-brousse","tag-francais-viande-sauvage","type-francais-a-la-une"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDe la viande de brousse pour aujourd\u2019hui et demain - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/58950\/wild-meat-for-today-and-tomorrow-2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"De la viande de brousse pour aujourd\u2019hui et demain\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dans le monde entier, la viande des animaux sauvages est appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e pour diverses raisons. Elle constitue la principale source de prot\u00e9ines dans les communaut\u00e9s rurales \u00e9loign\u00e9es de tout, qui se rabattent aussi sur cette viande en cas de difficult\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques comme de mauvaises r\u00e9coltes. 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